Λ_s VCDM is a predictive model combining Λ_s CDM with VCDM gravity via an auxiliary scalar field and sigmoid-smoothed potentials to enable stable mirror AdS-to-dS transitions with possible transient acceleration.
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Model-independent reconstruction shows that early-universe modifications resolving the Hubble tension exist at the background level, requiring a smooth ~15% pre-recombination expansion rate enhancement.
Two-field axion-like early dark energy reduces Hubble tension to 1.5 sigma residual and improves high-ell CMB fits over single-field models.
Relativistic N-body simulations of Lambda_s CDM produce a redshift-dependent crest in the matter power spectrum ratio, peaking at 20-25% near the transition and leaving a 15-20% uplift at z=0 on group scales.
EDE models increase inferred α_s from CMB data, strengthening tension with USR PBH models that predict negative running.
Bin-wise uncorrelated reconstruction from DESI/SDSS BAO and Pantheon+/Union3.1/DES-Dovekie supernovae yields dark energy density peaking then declining and equation of state oscillating with phantom crossing near z~0.7, consistent across datasets at moderate significance.
A sign-switching dark energy model (Λ_s CDM) recovers positive effective neutrino masses (0.055 ± 0.050 eV) consistent with oscillation data, unlike ΛCDM which prefers negative values (-0.075 eV), for DESI DR2 + CMB + supernova fits with z_† > 2.4.
Latent-f and latent-H Gaussian process reconstructions from OHD data both yield f(z), w(z), and Om(z) consistent with Lambda-CDM, with no strong predictive preference and small prior-dependent residuals mainly at high redshift.
Evidence for dynamical dark energy in the w0waCDM framework is strongly dataset-dependent, driven by mismatches in low-redshift BAO distance ratios that produce divergent expansion histories and inconsistent Hubble tension relief.
Perturbative modifications to the electron mass m_e(z) resolve the Hubble tension with Planck+ACT CMB data but cannot when DESI DR2 BAO data are added due to lowered Omega_m.
An extended model with decaying dark matter around equality and w0 dark energy yields H0 ≈ 70 km/s/Mpc from Planck+ACT+DESI data, reducing Hubble tension to ~2.2σ while producing Bayesian evidence comparable to ΛCDM.
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