JWST NIRISS/SOSS data yield a transmission spectrum of the 23 Myr V1298 Tau c showing H2O absorption and an atmospheric metallicity of 14.8^{+56}_{-12} times solar, lower than mature planets of similar mass.
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Coupled thermal-chemical models indicate that sub-Neptunes formed outside the water-ice line exhibit high atmospheric CH4, H2O, and C/O ratios while those formed inside show suppressed CH4 and low C/O.
A data-driven model for periodic ADC integral nonlinearity in JWST/NIRISS is fitted to ramp residuals and applied to correct the ERS1366 WASP-39b transmission spectrum, reducing systematics at the 30ppm level.
New MAROON-X observations of HAT-P-70b detect multiple neutral and ionized metals with day-to-night wind signatures and demonstrate that ionization-aware retrievals yield abundance ratios closer to solar values except for enhanced nickel.
An open-source GCE code with a 100x faster solver demonstrates that refractory ratios Mg/Si and Fe/Si control carbon partitioning and atmospheric properties in water-accreting sub-Neptunes.
Water-rich formation produces CH4- and CO2-rich atmospheres while water-poor formation produces carbon-depleted ones, with soot boosting methane; the H2O/CH4-MMW plane diagnoses formation environment for JWST targets.
Hycean models with a 1-bar H2 envelope, percent-level CH4 and CO, and CO2 at 10^-3 to 10^-2 reproduce the 0.8-5.2 μm JWST spectra of K2-18b.
Coupling Bern formation models with extended chemical equilibrium including S and N shows equilibration depletes atmospheric nitrogen, shifts C/O higher outside the ice line, generates Si species, and leaves sulfur abundances weakly dependent on formation location.
A comprehensive public dataset of simulated Ariel exoplanet transmission spectra is released to benchmark detrending algorithms, with an ML baseline highlighting dataset shift risks.
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