A survey that unifies prior work on multi-agent LLM systems via the LIFE framework, mapping dependencies across collaboration, failure attribution, and autonomous self-evolution while identifying cross-stage challenges.
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Plan-and-Act: Improving Planning of Agents for Long-Horizon Tasks
Canonical reference. 92% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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Pith papers citing it
Background
92% of classified citations
abstract
Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable advancements in enabling language agents to tackle simple tasks. However, applying them for complex, multi-step, long-horizon tasks remains a challenge. Recent work have found success by separating high-level planning from low-level execution, which enables the model to effectively balance high-level planning objectives and low-level execution details. However, generating accurate plans remains difficult since LLMs are not inherently trained for this task. To address this, we propose Plan-and-Act, a novel framework that incorporates explicit planning into LLM-based agents and introduces a scalable method to enhance plan generation through a novel synthetic data generation method. Plan-and-Act consists of a Planner model which generates structured, high-level plans to achieve user goals, and an Executor model that translates these plans into environment-specific actions. To train the Planner effectively, we introduce a synthetic data generation method that annotates ground-truth trajectories with feasible plans, augmented with diverse and extensive examples to enhance generalization. We evaluate Plan-and-Act using web navigation as a representative long-horizon planning environment, demonstrating a state-of-the-art 57.58% success rate on the WebArena-Lite benchmark as well as a text-only state-of-the-art 81.36% success rate on WebVoyager.
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representative citing papers
MemDocAgent generates consistent hierarchical repository-level code documentation by combining dependency-aware traversal with memory-guided agent interactions that accumulate work traces.
SDP constructs a task-induced state space from raw text by having agents commit to and certify natural-language predicates as states, enabling structured planning and analysis in unstructured language environments.
ActGuide-RL uses human action data as plan-style guidance in mixed-policy RL to overcome exploration barriers in LLM agents, matching SFT+RL performance on search benchmarks without cold-start training.
FlowSteer is a prompt-only attack that biases multi-agent LLM workflow planning to propagate malicious signals, raising success rates by up to 55%, with FlowGuard as an input-side defense reducing it by up to 34%.
OMC framework turns multi-agent AI into self-organizing companies with Talents, Talent Market, and E²R search, achieving 84.67% success on PRDBench (15.48 points above prior art).
ReCodeAgent uses a multi-agent system to translate and validate large code repositories across multiple programming languages, achieving 60.8% higher test pass rates than prior neuro-symbolic and agentic methods on 118 real-world projects.
No existing AI security framework covers a majority of the 193 identified multi-agent system threats in any category, with OWASP Agentic Security Initiative achieving the highest overall coverage at 65.3%.
HiMAC decomposes LLM agent tasks into macro planning and micro execution using critic-free hierarchical RL and iterative co-evolution, outperforming baselines on ALFWorld, WebShop, and Sokoban.
KGLAMP uses a dynamically updated knowledge graph to guide LLMs in creating and replanning PDDL specifications for heterogeneous multi-robot teams, reporting at least 25.3% better performance than LLM-only or classical PDDL baselines on the MAT-THOR benchmark.
Evo-Memory is a new streaming benchmark and evaluation framework for self-evolving memory in LLM agents, unifying over ten memory modules and introducing the ReMem pipeline for continual improvement on multi-turn and reasoning datasets.
AlphaCast is a training-free LLM framework that performs interactive multi-stage reasoning for time series forecasting by integrating feature extraction, knowledge bases, case libraries, and contextual pools.
A survey that organizes existing work on LLM-based agents around code as the central harness, structured in three layers of interfaces, mechanisms, and multi-agent scaling, with applications across domains and listed open challenges.
StraTA improves LLM agent success rates to 93.1% on ALFWorld and 84.2% on WebShop by sampling a compact initial strategy and training it jointly with action execution via hierarchical GRPO-style rollouts.
The paper delivers the first comprehensive overview of RL for GUI agents, organizing methods into offline, online, and hybrid strategies while analyzing trends in rewards, efficiency, and deliberation to outline a future roadmap.
AdaPlan-H enables LLM agents to generate self-adaptive hierarchical plans that adjust detail level to task difficulty, improving success rates in multi-step tasks.
An end-to-end LLM framework refines natural language into valid PDDL domains and problems via hardcoded and dynamic agents, generates plans with standard engines, and returns readable output.
The survey structures agentic reasoning for LLMs into foundational, self-evolving, and collective multi-agent layers while distinguishing in-context orchestration from post-training optimization and reviewing applications across domains.
citing papers explorer
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Beyond Individual Intelligence: Surveying Collaboration, Failure Attribution, and Self-Evolution in LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems
A survey that unifies prior work on multi-agent LLM systems via the LIFE framework, mapping dependencies across collaboration, failure attribution, and autonomous self-evolution while identifying cross-stage challenges.
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Remember Your Trace: Memory-Guided Long-Horizon Agentic Framework for Consistent and Hierarchical Repository-Level Code Documentation
MemDocAgent generates consistent hierarchical repository-level code documentation by combining dependency-aware traversal with memory-guided agent interactions that accumulate work traces.
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State-Centric Decision Process
SDP constructs a task-induced state space from raw text by having agents commit to and certify natural-language predicates as states, enabling structured planning and analysis in unstructured language environments.
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Learning Agentic Policy from Action Guidance
ActGuide-RL uses human action data as plan-style guidance in mixed-policy RL to overcome exploration barriers in LLM agents, matching SFT+RL performance on search benchmarks without cold-start training.
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FlowSteer: Prompt-Only Workflow Steering Exposes Planning-Time Vulnerabilities in Multi-Agent LLM Systems
FlowSteer is a prompt-only attack that biases multi-agent LLM workflow planning to propagate malicious signals, raising success rates by up to 55%, with FlowGuard as an input-side defense reducing it by up to 34%.
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From Skills to Talent: Organising Heterogeneous Agents as a Real-World Company
OMC framework turns multi-agent AI into self-organizing companies with Talents, Talent Market, and E²R search, achieving 84.67% success on PRDBench (15.48 points above prior art).
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ReCodeAgent: A Multi-Agent Workflow for Language-agnostic Translation and Validation of Large-scale Repositories
ReCodeAgent uses a multi-agent system to translate and validate large code repositories across multiple programming languages, achieving 60.8% higher test pass rates than prior neuro-symbolic and agentic methods on 118 real-world projects.
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Security Considerations for Multi-agent Systems
No existing AI security framework covers a majority of the 193 identified multi-agent system threats in any category, with OWASP Agentic Security Initiative achieving the highest overall coverage at 65.3%.
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HiMAC: Hierarchical Macro-Micro Learning for Long-Horizon LLM Agents
HiMAC decomposes LLM agent tasks into macro planning and micro execution using critic-free hierarchical RL and iterative co-evolution, outperforming baselines on ALFWorld, WebShop, and Sokoban.
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KGLAMP: Knowledge Graph-guided Language model for Adaptive Multi-robot Planning and Replanning
KGLAMP uses a dynamically updated knowledge graph to guide LLMs in creating and replanning PDDL specifications for heterogeneous multi-robot teams, reporting at least 25.3% better performance than LLM-only or classical PDDL baselines on the MAT-THOR benchmark.
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Evo-Memory: Benchmarking LLM Agent Test-time Learning with Self-Evolving Memory
Evo-Memory is a new streaming benchmark and evaluation framework for self-evolving memory in LLM agents, unifying over ten memory modules and introducing the ReMem pipeline for continual improvement on multi-turn and reasoning datasets.
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AlphaCast: A Human Wisdom-LLM Intelligence Co-Reasoning Framework for Interactive Time Series Forecasting
AlphaCast is a training-free LLM framework that performs interactive multi-stage reasoning for time series forecasting by integrating feature extraction, knowledge bases, case libraries, and contextual pools.
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Code as Agent Harness
A survey that organizes existing work on LLM-based agents around code as the central harness, structured in three layers of interfaces, mechanisms, and multi-agent scaling, with applications across domains and listed open challenges.
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StraTA: Incentivizing Agentic Reinforcement Learning with Strategic Trajectory Abstraction
StraTA improves LLM agent success rates to 93.1% on ALFWorld and 84.2% on WebShop by sampling a compact initial strategy and training it jointly with action execution via hierarchical GRPO-style rollouts.
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GUI Agents with Reinforcement Learning: Toward Digital Inhabitants
The paper delivers the first comprehensive overview of RL for GUI agents, organizing methods into offline, online, and hybrid strategies while analyzing trends in rewards, efficiency, and deliberation to outline a future roadmap.
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From Coarse to Fine: Self-Adaptive Hierarchical Planning for LLM Agents
AdaPlan-H enables LLM agents to generate self-adaptive hierarchical plans that adjust detail level to task difficulty, improving success rates in multi-step tasks.
-
End-to-end PDDL Planning with Hardcoded and Dynamic Agents
An end-to-end LLM framework refines natural language into valid PDDL domains and problems via hardcoded and dynamic agents, generates plans with standard engines, and returns readable output.
-
Agentic Reasoning for Large Language Models
The survey structures agentic reasoning for LLMs into foundational, self-evolving, and collective multi-agent layers while distinguishing in-context orchestration from post-training optimization and reviewing applications across domains.