Framework estimates context-dependent marginal utility of candidate skills via reward gaps in matched base vs. skill-augmented rollouts to filter skills and co-train policy as generator.
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Autoskill: Experience-driven lifelong learning via skill self-evolution
Canonical reference. 80% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
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2026 32representative citing papers
VASO is a verification-guided self-evolution framework for LLM robot skill contracts that reaches 97.2% formal-specification compliance on Jackal and quadcopter tasks using under 100 samples.
SelSkill applies dual-granularity preference learning to selective skill-or-skip decisions, improving task success by 10.9 points and execution precision by 29.1 points on ALFWorld with Qwen3-8B.
SkillEvolBench is a new diagnostic benchmark that evaluates the transition from episodic experience to procedural skills in LLM agents using role-conditioned task families and frozen deployment tests.
SkillFlow benchmark shows lifelong skill evolution yields modest gains for some models like Claude Opus 4.6 but limited or negative utility for others despite high skill usage.
AFTER benchmark shows single refinement improves LLM agent performance by 3.7-6.7 points and multi-model procedural skills reach 73.1% cross-model accuracy on 382 tasks.
Contrastive success/failure evidence, replay-based patch validation, and topology-aware routing improve training-free skill self-evolution for LLM agents.
W2S framework with RWSA decomposition converts heterogeneous traces into Skills and improves behavioral replay consistency by 10.5% over summarization baselines on 70 Skills.
EvoDS adds autonomous skill acquisition via synthesis-validation-reuse and adaptive context compression via learned control within a two-stage multi-agent RL scheme, claiming 28.9% average gains over prior agents on four benchmarks plus elimination of out-of-token failures.
SkillRevise iteratively refines initial LLM-generated agent skills using execution traces to diagnose defects and apply repairs, raising success rates from 36.05% to 61.63% on SkillsBench across three benchmarks and five LLMs.
SkillOpt introduces a controllable text-space optimizer that evolves agent skills via add/delete/replace edits accepted only on strict held-out validation improvement, reporting consistent gains across 52 model-benchmark-harness combinations.
OpenSkillEval dynamically builds task instances across five application domains to evaluate 30 open skills with over 600 tests, finding that skill use depends heavily on model and framework and that many popular skills do not beat base agents.
Maestro uses outcome-based RL to train a lightweight policy that orchestrates ensembles of frozen expert models and skills, reporting 70.1% average accuracy across ten multimodal benchmarks and outperforming GPT-5 and Gemini-2.5-Pro while generalizing to unseen components.
A governance recipe—retire under-performing skills, cap the active set, and impose a meta-skill authoring style—raises held-out MBPP+ hard-100 pass@1 from 0.258 to 0.584, though the ungoverned 'drift' baseline itself is never run.
SPARK generates environment-verified trajectories to compute PDI, enabling posterior skill distillation that outperforms no-skill baselines and human-written skills across 86 tasks with up to 1000x cheaper inference.
SkillGen synthesizes auditable skills from agent trajectories via contrastive induction on successes and failures, then verifies net performance impact by comparing outcomes with and without the skill on identical tasks.
SkillLens organizes skills into policies-strategies-procedures-primitives layers, retrieves via degree-corrected random walk, and uses a verifier for local adaptation, yielding up to 6.31 pp gains on MuLocbench and raising ALFWorld success from 45% to 51.31%.
SkillOS is an RL recipe that learns to curate reusable skills for self-evolving LLM agents, outperforming memory-free and memory-based baselines while generalizing across executors and domains.
Ctx2Skill automatically produces natural-language skill files via self-play between a challenger, a reasoner, and a judge, improving LLM performance on context-learning tasks.
ClawTrace enables cost-aware LLM agent skill distillation by tracing per-step costs and generating preserve, prune, and repair patches, with ablations showing reduced regressions and prune rules transferring to cut costs by 32%.
SkillGraph jointly evolves agent skills and collaboration topologies in multi-agent vision-language systems using a multimodal graph transformer and a skill designer, yielding consistent performance gains on benchmarks.
A skill-lifecycle agent (create, memory, manage, evaluate, refine) beats Hermes, Codex, and Claude Code on SkillsBench/SkillLearnBench and transfers skills better.
Anything2Skill extracts and structures reusable skills from heterogeneous knowledge into a SkillBank that agents retrieve alongside RAG evidence, reaching 98.85% and 94.10% success on qsv and GitHub-CLI tasks.
OpenSkill bootstraps LLM agent self-evolution by pulling grounded knowledge and anchors from open-world sources, synthesizing transferable skills, and refining them on self-generated virtual tasks, achieving top benchmark pass rates without supervision.
citing papers explorer
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Co-Evolving Skill Generation and Policy Optimization
Framework estimates context-dependent marginal utility of candidate skills via reward gaps in matched base vs. skill-augmented rollouts to filter skills and co-train policy as generator.
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VASO: Formally Verifiable Self-Evolving Skills for Physical AI Agents
VASO is a verification-guided self-evolution framework for LLM robot skill contracts that reaches 97.2% formal-specification compliance on Jackal and quadcopter tasks using under 100 samples.
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Skill or Skip? Learning Selective Skill Invocation in Agentic Tasks via Dual-Granularity Preference Learning
SelSkill applies dual-granularity preference learning to selective skill-or-skip decisions, improving task success by 10.9 points and execution precision by 29.1 points on ALFWorld with Qwen3-8B.
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SkillEvolBench: Benchmarking the Evolution from Episodic Experience to Procedural Skills
SkillEvolBench is a new diagnostic benchmark that evaluates the transition from episodic experience to procedural skills in LLM agents using role-conditioned task families and frozen deployment tests.
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SkillFlow:Benchmarking Lifelong Skill Discovery and Evolution for Autonomous Agents
SkillFlow benchmark shows lifelong skill evolution yields modest gains for some models like Claude Opus 4.6 but limited or negative utility for others despite high skill usage.
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Managing Procedural Memory in LLM Agents: Control, Adaptation, and Evaluation
AFTER benchmark shows single refinement improves LLM agent performance by 3.7-6.7 points and multi-model procedural skills reach 73.1% cross-model accuracy on 382 tasks.
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SkillCAT: Contrastive, Assessment-Augmented and Topology-AwareSkill Self-Evolution for LLM Agents
Contrastive success/failure evidence, replay-based patch validation, and topology-aware routing improve training-free skill self-evolution for LLM agents.
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Workflow-to-Skill: Skill Creation via Routing-Workflow-Semantics-Attachments Decomposition
W2S framework with RWSA decomposition converts heterogeneous traces into Skills and improves behavioral replay consistency by 10.5% over summarization baselines on 70 Skills.
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EvoDS: Self-Evolving Autonomous Data Science Agent with Skill Learning and Context Management
EvoDS adds autonomous skill acquisition via synthesis-validation-reuse and adaptive context compression via learned control within a two-stage multi-agent RL scheme, claiming 28.9% average gains over prior agents on four benchmarks plus elimination of out-of-token failures.
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SkillRevise: Improving LLM-Authored Agent Skills via Trace-Conditioned Skill Revision
SkillRevise iteratively refines initial LLM-generated agent skills using execution traces to diagnose defects and apply repairs, raising success rates from 36.05% to 61.63% on SkillsBench across three benchmarks and five LLMs.
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SkillOpt: Executive Strategy for Self-Evolving Agent Skills
SkillOpt introduces a controllable text-space optimizer that evolves agent skills via add/delete/replace edits accepted only on strict held-out validation improvement, reporting consistent gains across 52 model-benchmark-harness combinations.
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OpenSkillEval: Automatically Auditing the Open Skill Ecosystem for LLM Agents
OpenSkillEval dynamically builds task instances across five application domains to evaluate 30 open skills with over 600 tests, finding that skill use depends heavily on model and framework and that many popular skills do not beat base agents.
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Maestro: Reinforcement Learning to Orchestrate Hierarchical Model-Skill Ensembles
Maestro uses outcome-based RL to train a lightweight policy that orchestrates ensembles of frozen expert models and skills, reporting 70.1% average accuracy across ten multimodal benchmarks and outperforming GPT-5 and Gemini-2.5-Pro while generalizing to unseen components.
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Library Drift: Diagnosing and Fixing a Silent Failure Mode in Self-Evolving LLM Skill Libraries
A governance recipe—retire under-performing skills, cap the active set, and impose a meta-skill authoring style—raises held-out MBPP+ hard-100 pass@1 from 0.258 to 0.584, though the ungoverned 'drift' baseline itself is never run.
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Evidence Over Plans: Online Trajectory Verification for Skill Distillation
SPARK generates environment-verified trajectories to compute PDI, enabling posterior skill distillation that outperforms no-skill baselines and human-written skills across 86 tasks with up to 1000x cheaper inference.
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SkillGen: Verified Inference-Time Agent Skill Synthesis
SkillGen synthesizes auditable skills from agent trajectories via contrastive induction on successes and failures, then verifies net performance impact by comparing outcomes with and without the skill on identical tasks.
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SkillLens: Adaptive Multi-Granularity Skill Reuse for Cost-Efficient LLM Agents
SkillLens organizes skills into policies-strategies-procedures-primitives layers, retrieves via degree-corrected random walk, and uses a verifier for local adaptation, yielding up to 6.31 pp gains on MuLocbench and raising ALFWorld success from 45% to 51.31%.
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SkillOS: Learning Skill Curation for Self-Evolving Agents
SkillOS is an RL recipe that learns to curate reusable skills for self-evolving LLM agents, outperforming memory-free and memory-based baselines while generalizing across executors and domains.
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From Context to Skills: Can Language Models Learn from Context Skillfully?
Ctx2Skill automatically produces natural-language skill files via self-play between a challenger, a reasoner, and a judge, improving LLM performance on context-learning tasks.
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ClawTrace: Cost-Aware Tracing for LLM Agent Skill Distillation
ClawTrace enables cost-aware LLM agent skill distillation by tracing per-step costs and generating preserve, prune, and repair patches, with ablations showing reduced regressions and prune rules transferring to cut costs by 32%.
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SkillGraph: Self-Evolving Multi-Agent Collaboration with Multimodal Graph Topology
SkillGraph jointly evolves agent skills and collaboration topologies in multi-agent vision-language systems using a multimodal graph transformer and a skill designer, yielding consistent performance gains on benchmarks.
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MUSE-Autoskill: Self-Evolving Agents via Skill Creation, Memory, Management, and Evaluation
A skill-lifecycle agent (create, memory, manage, evaluate, refine) beats Hermes, Codex, and Claude Code on SkillsBench/SkillLearnBench and transfers skills better.
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Anything2Skill: Compiling External Knowledge into Reusable Skills for Agents
Anything2Skill extracts and structures reusable skills from heterogeneous knowledge into a SkillBank that agents retrieve alongside RAG evidence, reaching 98.85% and 94.10% success on qsv and GitHub-CLI tasks.
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OpenSkill: Open-World Self-Evolution for LLM Agents
OpenSkill bootstraps LLM agent self-evolution by pulling grounded knowledge and anchors from open-world sources, synthesizing transferable skills, and refining them on self-generated virtual tasks, achieving top benchmark pass rates without supervision.
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Unsupervised Skill Discovery for Agentic Data Analysis
DataCOPE uses verifier-guided contrastive distillation from agent trajectories to discover skills, yielding average gains of 9.71% on report-style and 32.30% on reasoning-style data analysis tasks across four model settings.
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Workflow Closure Is Not Scientific Closure in Auto-Research Systems
Survey of auto-research systems identifies objective, validation, and acceptance collapses, concluding that workflow closure does not equal scientific closure and advocating non-autonomous epistemic control.
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SkillsVote: Lifecycle Governance of Agent Skills from Collection, Recommendation to Evolution
SkillsVote is a governance system for agent skills that profiles corpora, recommends via search, and gates updates on successful reusable outcomes, yielding benchmark gains without model changes.
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Skill1: Unified Evolution of Skill-Augmented Agents via Reinforcement Learning
Skill1 trains a single RL policy to co-evolve skill selection, utilization, and distillation in language model agents from one task-outcome reward, using low-frequency trends to credit selection and high-frequency variation to credit distillation, outperforming baselines on ALFWorld and WebShop.
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The Agent Use of Agent Beings: Agent Cybernetics Is the Missing Science of Foundation Agents
Agent Cybernetics reframes foundation agent design by adapting classical cybernetics laws into three engineering desiderata for reliable, long-running, self-improving agents.
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A Comprehensive Survey on Agent Skills: Taxonomy, Techniques, and Applications
A survey that defines agent skills as reusable procedural artifacts and reviews methods, resources, and applications across their representation, acquisition, retrieval, and evolution stages.
- The Blind Curator: How a Biased Judge Silently Disables Skill Retirement in Self-Evolving Agents
- Ratchet: How Reliable Must an LLM Judge Be to Retire a Skill?