Microlensing-inferred free-floating planets plus bound planets require more mass than protoplanetary disks supply, even at 100% conversion efficiency, potentially creating a crisis if the mass function is bottom-heavy.
F., Morbidelli, A., & Guillot, T
2 Pith papers cite this work. Polarity classification is still indexing.
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2026 2representative citing papers
Halos in Elias 2-24, IM Lup, and DM Tau hold 20-30% of total dust mass with cm-sized grains, helping resolve the disk mass-budget problem even though drift and growth timescales are shorter than disk ages.
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Dust characterization of halos: The extended emission in protoplanetary disks
Halos in Elias 2-24, IM Lup, and DM Tau hold 20-30% of total dust mass with cm-sized grains, helping resolve the disk mass-budget problem even though drift and growth timescales are shorter than disk ages.