Selection effects in JWST transmission spectroscopy and HWO reflected-light imaging may cause the first biosignature detection to arise from an atypical planet rather than a representative Earth analog.
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Climate states on exoplanets with the same atmospheric composition create different reflectance spectra, changing the detectability of atmospheric features and biosignatures, with seasonal variations on high-obliquity worlds adding time-dependent signals.
Simulations using occurrence rates rank HWO ExEP stars by probability of hosting a temperate terrestrial planet or moon, reaching up to 50% for some systems.
N-body simulations demonstrate long-term dynamical stability of the HD 20794 system across a range of inclinations, with planet d identified as the lowest-mass high-eccentricity HZ-crossing planet.
Collates archival stellar activity and rotation data for potential HWO targets, finding measurements for at least 70% of high-interest systems but activity cycles for fewer than 20%.
The ExEP Science Gap List identifies 17 areas where current knowledge falls short of requirements for defining and maximizing the science return from future NASA exoplanet missions.
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