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arxiv: 2605.22618 · v1 · pith:OBWY6GKXnew · submitted 2026-05-21 · 🌌 astro-ph.SR · astro-ph.EP

HWO Target Stars and Systems: Activity and Rotation Catalog (ARC) of Potential Target Stars for the Habitable Worlds Observatory

Tara Fetherolf , Arvind F. Gupta , Elisabeth R. Newton , Andrea P. Buccino , Jennifer A. Burt , Jose A. Caballero , Sebastian Carrazco-Gaxiola , Mariela C. Vieytes
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Natalie R. Hinkel Eric E. Mamajek
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-22 03:19 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.SR astro-ph.EP
keywords stellar activityexoplanet host starsHabitable Worlds Observatorystellar rotationactivity cyclestarget catalogmagnetic activity
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The pith

Stellar activity and rotation properties are known for at least 70 percent of high-interest Habitable Worlds Observatory target stars, but activity cycles are known for fewer than 20 percent.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper compiles archival measurements of stellar magnetic activity and rotation into a single catalog for stars that could be observed by the planned Habitable Worlds Observatory. This catalog matters because host-star activity can distort the very atmospheric signals the observatory aims to measure with high precision. The authors report that basic indicators such as the S-index, R prime HK, projected rotational velocity, and rotation period have been published for most of the current high-priority targets. They also show that long-term activity cycles, which would let observers anticipate quiet or active phases, remain available for only a small fraction of those stars. The work concludes that activity must be monitored regularly rather than treated as a static property.

Core claim

By gathering published photometric and spectroscopic data, the authors construct the Activity and Rotation Catalog that shows activity and rotation observables have been measured for at least 70 percent of systems currently ranked as high-interest HWO atmospheric characterization targets, while activity-cycle measurements exist for fewer than 20 percent of those same stars; because activity is time-variable, the catalog underscores the need for continued monitoring to keep target information current for future observations.

What carries the argument

The Activity and Rotation Catalog (ARC), which aggregates S-index, R'HK, v sin i, and rotation-period values from existing datasets for potential HWO target stars.

If this is right

  • Planners can assume that rotation and average activity levels are already documented for the large majority of top-ranked targets.
  • Scheduling of HWO observations will still require fresh activity-cycle information because cycles are known for so few stars.
  • Repeated observations of the same stars will be needed to keep activity records up to date rather than relying on one-time archival values.
  • Target lists can be prioritized by the completeness of their existing activity data before new cycle-monitoring campaigns begin.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The catalog could serve as a living reference that future facilities update automatically whenever new cycle or rotation measurements appear.
  • Stars lacking cycle data may need dedicated long-term monitoring programs before they are scheduled for atmospheric characterization.
  • Knowledge of activity cycles could also improve estimates of how stellar variability has affected the long-term evolution of any planets around these stars.

Load-bearing premise

The published archival measurements used in the catalog form a representative and unbiased record of what is currently known about the selected high-interest targets.

What would settle it

A new, uniform spectroscopic survey of the same high-interest stars that finds either many more activity cycles than currently listed or large systematic gaps in the rotation and activity data already compiled.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.22618 by Andrea P. Buccino, Arvind F. Gupta, Elisabeth R. Newton, Eric E. Mamajek, Jennifer A. Burt, Jose A. Caballero, Mariela C. Vieytes, Natalie R. Hinkel, Sebastian Carrazco-Gaxiola, Tara Fetherolf.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Comparison in R ′ HK values from the literature (Section 3.3) and re-calculated using Marvin et al. (2023), in comparison to R ′ HK values recalculated using PyAstronomy. The points are colored by stellar effective temperatures and the one-to-one relationship is shown by a solid red line. Be￾cause of the limits of the calibrations in the method from PyAstronomy, M dwarfs are not included in these plots. 4.… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Completeness fractions for each of the stellar parameters included in the ARC. These are broken down by priority tier to highlight the relative sizes of the gaps in our knowledge between the highest priority (Tier 1) and lowest priority (Tier 3) stellar samples. The decline of stellar activity and rotation with age was established in Wilson & Skumanich (1964) and Sku￾manich (1972). The relations have been … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Upper panels: Equatorial rotational velocity (veq) vs. projected rotational velocity (v sin i) for stars in Tiers 1, 2, and 3. The v sin i values are taken directly from the ARC and the veq values are calculated using Prot from the ARC and R⋆ from the HPIC. Several stars in each tier fall in a region of parameter space that is mathematically forbidden, i.e., requiring sin i > 1. Lower Panels: Expected and … view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Chromospheric activity log R ′ HK colored by ef￾fective temperature. The gray points represent stars with temperatures less than 5000 K. The red stars show medi￾ans in 1 Gyr bins, after data in the high-activity group is clipped. Ages are derived from Tuchow et al. (2024) and the log R ′ HK values are updated activity measurements cal￾culated using PyAstronomy (see Section 4.1). Solar values are log R ′ HK… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Stellar activity cycle period versus rotation period with points colored by effective temperature for stars with these measurements available in the ARC. The active and inactive branch relationships from B¨ohm-Vitense (2007) are shown by the dashed and dash-dotted lines, respectively. For reference, the Sun is also indicated by ⊙. The scatter relative to the active and inactive relationships is consistent … view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Chromospheric activity log R ′ HK versus Rossby number, colored by effective temperature. Large Rossby numbers are slower rotators. The gray points represent stars with period measurements from Fetherolf et al. (2023), which uses TESS data and is therefore limited to Prot ≲ 13 days. The log R ′ HK values are updated activity measurements cal￾culated using the default PyAstronomy implementation (see Section… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Ratio of stellar activity cycles to rotation pe￾riod versus rotation period with points colored by effective temperature. The best-fit linear relationship and its 3σ un￾certainty are shown by the dashed gray line and gray shaded region, respectively, with slope of 0.856 ± 0.016. For ref￾erence, the Sun is also indicated by ⊙. The best-fit linear relationship is slightly shallower than a unity slope, where … view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Ratio of stellar activity cycles to rotation period versus the inverse of the Rossby number with points colored by effective temperature. The best-fit linear relationship and its 3σ uncertainty are shown by the dashed gray line and gray shaded region, respectively, with slope of 0.674 ± 0.014. For reference, the Sun is also indicated by ⊙. The best￾fit linear relationship is shallower than a unity slope, w… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

A major goal of the Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) is to precisely characterize exoplanets and their atmospheres. However, magnetic activity from an exoplanet's host star can complicate measurements of both the stellar and planetary properties, and stellar activity can be an important factor in our interpretation of the evolutionary history of an exoplanet. In this work, we assess the extent to which magnetic activity has been characterized for potential HWO target stars by collating archival measurements of relevant observables as published in a broad range of photometric and spectroscopic datasets. We describe our data collection strategy, provide an overview of currently known activity and rotation properties in the Activity and Rotation Catalog (ARC) for potential HWO target stars, and briefly review known relationships between stellar inclination, rotation, activity, and age. Overall, we find that stellar activity (S-index and R'HK) and rotation (v sin i and Prot) properties have been measured for at least 70% systems that are currently of high interest as potential HWO atmospheric characterization targets. However, stellar activity is temporal in nature, such that activity properties should be regularly monitored in order to remain up-to-date for informing future observations. In particular, we find that stellar activity cycles are measured for fewer than 20% of high interest potential HWO target stars. Measuring a star's activity cycle is critical for anticipating times when higher levels of magnetic activity may occur during planned HWO observations, which may interfere with measuring precise exoplanet atmospheric characteristics.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper compiles archival measurements of stellar activity (S-index and R'HK) and rotation (v sin i and Prot) into the Activity and Rotation Catalog (ARC) for potential Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) target stars. It reports that these properties have been measured for at least 70% of high-interest systems, while activity cycles are measured for fewer than 20%, and reviews relationships among inclination, rotation, activity, and age while noting the temporal nature of activity and the need for ongoing monitoring.

Significance. This collation of published measurements provides a practical resource for HWO target selection and observation planning by quantifying current coverage of activity and rotation data and highlighting the gap in activity-cycle measurements, which are important for predicting periods of elevated stellar variability that could affect exoplanet atmospheric characterization. The aggregation from photometric and spectroscopic datasets is a clear strength of the work.

major comments (2)
  1. [Data Collection Strategy] Data Collection Strategy section: The description of the archival search does not specify whether exhaustive cross-checks were performed against ADS/SIMBAD for every target, how variant star names or non-standard reporting formats were handled, or the precise inclusion criteria for datasets. These details are required to substantiate the central quantitative claims of ≥70% coverage for activity/rotation and <20% for cycles.
  2. [Target Selection] Target Selection and Inclusion Criteria subsection: The criteria used to define the set of 'high interest' HWO targets and any handling of measurement inconsistencies across sources are not stated with sufficient precision to evaluate possible selection biases or gaps in the reported percentages.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Notation] The notation R'HK should include a brief reminder of its standard definition and a reference to the original calibration paper for clarity.
  2. [Catalog Tables] Tables summarizing the catalog entries would benefit from an explicit column or footnote indicating the source catalog or reference for each measurement to improve traceability.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their constructive comments, which help clarify how to better substantiate the quantitative claims in our manuscript. We address each major comment below and will incorporate the requested details into a revised version.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Data Collection Strategy] Data Collection Strategy section: The description of the archival search does not specify whether exhaustive cross-checks were performed against ADS/SIMBAD for every target, how variant star names or non-standard reporting formats were handled, or the precise inclusion criteria for datasets. These details are required to substantiate the central quantitative claims of ≥70% coverage for activity/rotation and <20% for cycles.

    Authors: We agree that greater specificity on the archival search methodology is warranted to support the reported coverage statistics. In the revised manuscript we will expand the Data Collection Strategy section to state that exhaustive cross-checks were performed against both ADS and SIMBAD for every target, to describe the standardized procedures used to reconcile variant star names and non-standard reporting formats, and to list the precise inclusion criteria applied to each dataset. These additions will allow readers to evaluate the completeness underlying the ≥70 % and <20 % figures. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Target Selection] Target Selection and Inclusion Criteria subsection: The criteria used to define the set of 'high interest' HWO targets and any handling of measurement inconsistencies across sources are not stated with sufficient precision to evaluate possible selection biases or gaps in the reported percentages.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the current description of target selection lacks the precision needed to assess possible biases. In the revision we will rewrite the Target Selection and Inclusion Criteria subsection to provide explicit quantitative thresholds and prioritization rules used to identify the 'high interest' subset, together with a clear account of how measurement inconsistencies (e.g., differing S-index values from multiple surveys) were resolved. This will enable a transparent evaluation of the reported percentages. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: archival catalog compilation with external data only

full rationale

This paper is a straightforward compilation of published archival measurements of stellar activity (S-index, R'HK) and rotation (v sin i, Prot, cycles) for a defined list of potential HWO targets. The central quantitative results are direct counts of coverage fractions (≥70% for activity/rotation properties, <20% for cycles) drawn from external literature sources. No equations, models, fitted parameters, predictions, or derivations appear in the work. There are no self-definitional steps, fitted inputs renamed as predictions, load-bearing self-citations, uniqueness theorems, or ansatzes. The data collection strategy is described as collating existing datasets, with no reduction of any claim to the paper's own inputs by construction. This is a self-contained empirical catalog against external benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

No free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are introduced; the work rests entirely on collating existing published observational measurements from the literature.

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