Theory of light amplification in active fishnet metamaterials

We establish a theory that traces light amplification in an active double-fishnet metamaterial back to its microscopic origins. Based on ab initio calculations of the light/plasmon fields we extract energy rates and conversion efficiencies associated with gain/loss channels directly from Poynting's theorem. We find that for the negative refactive index mode both radiative loss and gain outweigh resistive loss by more than a factor of two, opening a broad window of steady-state amplification (free of instabilities) accessible even when a gain reduction close to the metal is taken into account.