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Primordial black hole formation during the QCD phase transition: threshold, mass distribution and abundance

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arxiv 2303.07980 v2 pith:DTYNMJXV submitted 2023-03-14 astro-ph.CO gr-qchep-ph

classification astro-ph.COgr-qchep-ph
keywords formationduringmassannihilationepochblackholetransition
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

Primordial black hole (PBH) formation during cosmic phase transitions and annihilation periods, such as the QCD transition or the $e^+e^-$-annihilation, is thought to be particularly efficient due to a softening of the equation of state. We present a detailed numerical study of PBH formation during the QCD epoch in order to derive an accurate PBH mass function. We also briefly consider PBH formation during the $e^+e^-$-annihilation epoch. Our investigation confirms that, for nearly scale-invariant spectra, PBH abundances on the QCD scale are enhanced by a factor $\sim 10^3$ compared to a purely radiation dominated Universe. For a power spectrum producing an (almost) scale-invariant PBH mass function outside of the transition, we find a peak mass of $M_{\rm pbh}\approx 1.9 M_{\odot}$ with a fraction $f\approx 1.5\times 10^{-2}$ of the PBHs having a mass of $M_{\rm pbh} > 10 M_{\odot}$, possibly contributing to the LIGO-Virgo black hole merger detections. We point out that the physics of PBH formation during the $e^+e^-$-annihilation epoch is more complex as it is very close to the epoch of neutrino decoupling. We argue that neutrinos free-streaming out of overdense regions may actually hinder PBH formation.

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Cited by 14 Pith papers

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  1. The statistics of curvature-profile dispersion in primordial black hole formation

    astro-ph.CO 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

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  4. The statistics of curvature-profile dispersion in primordial black hole formation

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  5. Memoirs of the curvaton: non-perturbative non-Gaussianity and supermassive primordial black holes

    astro-ph.CO 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

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  7. Asteroid-mass Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter from Supersymmetry

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    Supersymmetry with heavy particles above ~10^5 GeV enhances asteroid-mass PBH production via transient equation-of-state softening, allowing them to comprise all dark matter unlike in the Standard Model.

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    astro-ph.CO 2025-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

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  9. Primordial Black Hole mass growth from neutrinos during the radiation era

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    Neutrino absorption lets intermediate-mass and supermassive primordial black holes grow during the radiation era, shifting thermal-history peaks and raising f_PBH.

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    BlackHawk v3.0 adds Hawking temperatures and greybody factors for multiple regular black hole metrics to an existing public code via numerical routines.

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    astro-ph.CO 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

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    astro-ph.CO 2025-12 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Using a normalized sensitivity measure γ=c/c̄, the authors find γ≈1 for three single-field ultra-slow-roll inflation models and conclude PBH production is not technically unnatural.

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    Thermal bath corrections derived via thermofield dynamics enhance the evaporation rate of primordial black holes, shortening their lifetimes relative to zero-temperature calculations.

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    astro-ph.CO 2025-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

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