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A Survey of Resource-efficient LLM and Multimodal Foundation Models

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arxiv 2401.08092 v2 pith:NXL7JZKR submitted 2024-01-16 cs.LG cs.AIcs.DC

classification cs.LGcs.AIcs.DC
keywords modelslargefoundationsurveymultimodalresource-efficienttrainingadvancements
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Large foundation models, including large language models (LLMs), vision transformers (ViTs), diffusion, and LLM-based multimodal models, are revolutionizing the entire machine learning lifecycle, from training to deployment. However, the substantial advancements in versatility and performance these models offer come at a significant cost in terms of hardware resources. To support the growth of these large models in a scalable and environmentally sustainable way, there has been a considerable focus on developing resource-efficient strategies. This survey delves into the critical importance of such research, examining both algorithmic and systemic aspects. It offers a comprehensive analysis and valuable insights gleaned from existing literature, encompassing a broad array of topics from cutting-edge model architectures and training/serving algorithms to practical system designs and implementations. The goal of this survey is to provide an overarching understanding of how current approaches are tackling the resource challenges posed by large foundation models and to potentially inspire future breakthroughs in this field.

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Cited by 13 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Rethinking Small VLM Quantization: From Component-Wise Analysis to Hardware-Aware Edge Deployment

    cs.LG 2026-07 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    MoE structure, not parameter count, governs INT4 robustness in sub-3B VLMs; SigLIP INT8 latency spikes on Jetson Ampere are a BitsAndBytes-Ampere interaction, and INT4 VRAM savings come with TPOT and energy penalties.

  2. FBLayout: Optimizing Memory Layout for Efficient LLM Finetuning on Mobile GPUs

    cs.AI 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A tile-based memory layout for mobile GPUs that unifies forward and backward data access, eliminating most transpose/reshape overhead and speeding LLM fine-tuning 2.2–5.7× in the paper's measurements.

  3. Understanding Rate-Distortion Performance in Distributed Transformer Inference

    cs.LG 2026-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Deeper transformer layers produce intermediate representations that are harder to lossy-compress, and the paper links this to growing covariance and Rademacher complexity.

  4. Understanding Rate-Distortion Performance in Distributed Transformer Inference

    cs.LG 2026-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A transformer-based hyper-prior entropy model compresses GPT-2 intermediate states from 12,288 to ~292 bits per token with little task loss, and rate growth with depth is explained by V-entropy and generalization-erro...

  5. Understanding Rate-Distortion Performance in Distributed Transformer Inference

    cs.LG 2026-01 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    A rate-distortion framework for lossy compression of transformer representations yields substantial bitrate savings on language tasks while preserving accuracy, with observed rates aligning to derived information-theo...

  6. ShadowNPU: System and Algorithm Co-design for NPU-Centric On-Device LLM Inference

    cs.PF 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    ShadowNPU presents shadowAttn, a co-designed sparse attention system that uses NPU pilot compute and techniques like graph bucketing and per-head sparsity to minimize CPU/GPU fallback during on-device LLM inference wh...

  7. Model Compression vs. Adversarial Robustness: An Empirical Study on Language Models for Code

    cs.SE 2025-08 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    Empirical tests show compressed code language models retain task performance but suffer markedly lower robustness under four standard adversarial attacks.

  8. ELEVATE: Designing Human-Centered GenAI Virtual Tutors for Scalable and Inclusive Education

    cs.CY 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

    ELEVATE is a framework and prototype for deploying LLM-powered 3D avatar tutors locally on consumer hardware with a three-stratum design separating interaction, execution, and governance layers.

  9. Toward Zero-Egress Psychiatric AI: On-Device LLM Deployment for Privacy-Preserving Mental Health Decision Support

    cs.AI 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

    A cross-platform mobile application deploys an ensemble of quantized open-source LLMs for fully local, DSM-5-aligned psychiatric decision support with claimed accuracy comparable to prior cloud versions.

  10. Bilevel Optimization for Neural Architecture Search

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 3.0 of 10

    Reviews NAS methods through bilevel optimization lens, categorizing them into sampling-based and theory-based, and proposes an auxiliary math programming framework for more principled architecture and weight updates.

  11. Toward Efficient Agents: Memory, Tool learning, and Planning

    cs.AI 2026-01 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A survey that organizes efficiency techniques for LLM agents into memory, tool learning, and planning, and consolidates benchmarks and metrics for measuring cost-performance trade-offs.

  12. A Survey on Efficient Inference for Large Language Models

    cs.CL 2024-04 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

    The paper surveys techniques to speed up and reduce the resource needs of LLM inference, organized by data-level, model-level, and system-level changes, with comparative experiments on representative methods.

  13. Focus Session: Hardware and Software Techniques for Accelerating Multimodal Foundation Models

    cs.LG 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 2.0 of 10

    The paper compiles hardware-software co-design techniques including mixed-precision quantization, structural pruning, speculative decoding, and transformer accelerators to speed up multimodal foundation models, with e...

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