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The Tri-Hybrid MIMO Architecture
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The Tri-Hybrid MIMO Architecture
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We present an evolution of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communications known as the tri-hybrid MIMO architecture. In this framework, the traditional operations of linear precoding at the transmitter are distributed across digital beamforming, analog beamforming, and reconfigurable antennas. Compared with the hybrid MIMO architecture, which combines digital and analog beamforming, the tri-hybrid approach introduces a third layer of electromagnetic beamforming through antenna reconfigurability. This added layer offers a pathway to scale MIMO spatial dimensions, important for 6G systems operating in centimeter-wave bands, where the tension between larger bandwidths and infrastructure reuse necessitates ultra-large antenna arrays. We introduce the key features of the tri-hybrid architecture by (i)~reviewing the benefits and challenges of communicating with reconfigurable antennas, (ii)~examining tradeoffs between spectral and energy efficiency enabled by reconfigurability, and (iii)~exploring configuration challenges across the three layers. Overall, the tri-hybrid MIMO architecture offers a new approach for integrating emerging antenna technologies in the MIMO precoding framework.
Forward citations
Cited by 4 Pith papers
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Parasitic MIMO Beamforming for Multi-Active Multi-Parasitic Antenna Arrays with Binary Control
A binary-switched parasitic antenna array with a quadratic current approximation achieves beamforming performance comparable to fully active arrays with significantly more RF chains.
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Codebook-based Port Selection and Combining for CSI-Free Uplink Fluid Antenna Multiple Access
Introduces CPSC-FAMA: a codebook-driven uplink scheme where UEs independently match ports to local channels and the BS projects signals without needing global CSI or joint optimization.
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Pixel-based Reconfigurable Beamforming Networks Emulating Physical Movement in FAS
A scalable pixel-based reconfigurable beamforming network emulates fluid-antenna port movement by switching excitation currents, achieving measured Bessel spatial correlation across a 5% bandwidth.
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Spectral and Energy Efficiency Tradeoff for Pinching-Antenna Systems
Develops two-stage optimization for single-user and alternating optimization for multi-user pinching-antenna systems, proving position independence from beamforming and algorithm convergence while showing SE-EE gains ...
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