Recognition: unknown
Precision Kinematic Sunyaev--Zel'dovich Measurements Across Halo Mass and Redshift with DESI DR2 and ACT DR6: Part I. Luminous Red Galaxies
Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 01:24 UTC · model grok-4.3
The pith
Precise kSZ measurements around luminous red galaxies show that gas profiles deviate from dark matter, indicating redistribution by feedback beyond gravitational collapse.
A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.
Core claim
The measurements establish that hot gas in halos around luminous red galaxies is redistributed beyond what gravitational collapse alone would produce, with the inferred profiles requiring more efficient gas ejection than assumed in the Battaglia feedback model. This is obtained by converting observed galaxy-centered kSZ signals into halo-centered profiles and fitting them with generalized Navarro-Frenk-White forms that deviate systematically from dark-matter expectations.
What carries the argument
Momentum-weighted kSZ templates in harmonic space for cross-correlation, combined with halo occupation distribution modeling to convert galaxy gas profiles into halo gas profiles.
If this is right
- Hydrodynamical simulations must adopt higher feedback efficiencies in group-scale halos to match the observed gas redistribution.
- Baryonic modeling for large-scale structure analyses should incorporate more extended gas profiles than standard dark-matter tracing assumes.
- The kSZ signal amplitude declines with redshift in a manner consistent with the expected drop in mean halo mass at fixed comoving number density.
- Splitting by stellar mass reveals how kSZ amplitude scales with galaxy properties across the luminous red galaxy population.
Where Pith is reading between the lines
- The same spectroscopic kSZ approach applied to other tracers such as emission-line galaxies could map feedback across a wider range of halo masses and environments.
- The measured deviation supplies an empirical target that can be used to calibrate subgrid feedback prescriptions in simulations without relying solely on internal simulation diagnostics.
- If the higher feedback efficiency persists in other galaxy samples, it would tighten constraints on the total baryon budget available for star formation and on the thermal history of the circumgalactic medium.
Load-bearing premise
The conversion from measured galaxy-centered signals to halo-centered gas profiles relies on the adopted luminous red galaxy halo occupation distribution being accurate enough that modeling uncertainties do not dominate the inferred deviation from dark matter.
What would settle it
Repeating the profile conversion with an independent halo occupation distribution that differs by more than the quoted uncertainty and finding that the deviation from dark matter disappears or reverses sign.
Figures
read the original abstract
We present the most precise measurements of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect around luminous red galaxies to date, detecting the signal at $18\sigma$ significance in both harmonic and configuration space. Our analysis cross-correlates 2.4 million spectroscopic LRGs from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) DR2 sample with Data Release 6 (DR6) of the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT). We develop a novel harmonic-space cross-correlation approach using momentum-weighted kSZ templates, yielding nearly uncorrelated bandpowers within a framework consistent with other large-scale structure analyses. By incorporating the LRG halo occupation distribution (HOD) and its uncertainty, we convert measured galaxy gas profiles into halo gas profiles and provide generalized Navarro-Frenk-White (GNFW) fitting profiles, providing empirical targets for tuning feedback efficiency in hydrodynamical simulations and for baryonic modeling in large-scale structure analyses. We find strong evidence that gas profiles do not trace dark matter, providing direct evidence for gas redistribution beyond gravitational collapse. Comparing to hydrodynamical simulations, our measurements favor feedback efficiencies exceeding those in the Battaglia profile, suggesting more efficient gas ejection in group-scale halos than previously predicted. Splitting by redshift, we detect the kSZ signal at SNR $\approx 5$--$10$ in each of four bins and find amplitude evolution consistent with the expected decline in mean halo mass at fixed comoving number density. Splitting by stellar mass, we study the scaling of kSZ amplitude with galaxy properties. Together with BGS and ELG measurements in Paper II, these results span $0.1 \lesssim z \lesssim 1.6$ across three galaxy populations, demonstrating the potential of spectroscopic kSZ to map circumgalactic gas and constrain baryonic feedback.
Editorial analysis
A structured set of objections, weighed in public.
Referee Report
Summary. The paper reports an 18σ detection of the kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect around 2.4 million luminous red galaxies (LRGs) from DESI DR2 cross-correlated with ACT DR6. It introduces a novel harmonic-space cross-correlation estimator using momentum-weighted kSZ templates, converts the measured galaxy gas profiles to halo-centric profiles by incorporating the LRG halo occupation distribution (HOD) and its uncertainty, performs generalized Navarro-Frenk-White (GNFW) fits, and claims strong evidence that gas does not trace dark matter, favoring feedback efficiencies higher than in the Battaglia profile. Results are also split by redshift (SNR ≈5–10 in four bins) and stellar mass.
Significance. If the HOD conversion holds, the high-significance detection and GNFW constraints provide valuable empirical targets for baryonic feedback in hydrodynamical simulations and for modeling in large-scale structure analyses. The large sample size, redshift and mass splits, and consistency with expected evolution are strengths; the novel estimator and direct cross-correlation approach add technical value.
major comments (2)
- [HOD conversion and halo gas profile section (methods and results)] The central interpretive claims—that gas profiles do not trace dark matter and that measurements favor feedback efficiencies exceeding the Battaglia profile—rest on converting the observed galaxy-kSZ cross-correlation into halo gas profiles. This step uses the adopted LRG HOD to account for central/satellite fractions, mass distribution, and one-halo/two-halo terms. While the abstract states that HOD uncertainty is incorporated, it is not demonstrated that residual mismatches between the assumed HOD parametrization and the true distribution (e.g., from alternative clustering or weak-lensing constraints) do not rescale or distort the inferred halo gas density enough to affect the deviation from NFW or the GNFW parameter comparison. This modeling choice is load-bearing for the strongest claims.
- [Abstract and estimator validation] The abstract states an 18σ detection in both harmonic and configuration space but provides no quantitative summary of residual systematics, covariance validation, or robustness tests for the novel momentum-weighted estimator. Given that the subsequent GNFW fitting and simulation comparison are used to claim higher feedback, explicit tests showing that the deviation from dark-matter tracing persists under reasonable HOD variations and estimator choices are needed to support the interpretation.
minor comments (2)
- [Abstract] The abstract is information-dense; consider separating the detection significance, the HOD conversion step, and the feedback comparison into clearer sentences for readability.
- [Methods] Notation for the GNFW parameters and the exact definition of the momentum-weighted templates could be clarified with a dedicated equation or table in the methods.
Simulated Author's Rebuttal
We thank the referee for their careful and constructive review of our manuscript. We address each major comment below in turn and have revised the paper accordingly to strengthen the presentation of our results on the HOD conversion and estimator validation.
read point-by-point responses
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Referee: [HOD conversion and halo gas profile section (methods and results)] The central interpretive claims—that gas profiles do not trace dark matter and that measurements favor feedback efficiencies exceeding the Battaglia profile—rest on converting the observed galaxy-kSZ cross-correlation into halo gas profiles. This step uses the adopted LRG HOD to account for central/satellite fractions, mass distribution, and one-halo/two-halo terms. While the abstract states that HOD uncertainty is incorporated, it is not demonstrated that residual mismatches between the assumed HOD parametrization and the true distribution (e.g., from alternative clustering or weak-lensing constraints) do not rescale or distort the inferred halo gas density enough to affect the deviation from NFW or the GNFW parameter comparison. This modeling choice is load-bearing for the strongest claims.
Authors: We agree that an explicit demonstration of robustness against residual HOD mismatches is necessary to support the load-bearing interpretive claims. In the revised manuscript we have added a new subsection that systematically varies the HOD parameters within the range allowed by alternative clustering and weak-lensing constraints. We show that the resulting halo-centric gas profiles and GNFW parameters remain consistent within the quoted uncertainties, preserving both the deviation from NFW and the preference for feedback efficiencies higher than the Battaglia profile. These tests are now summarized in the text and illustrated in an additional figure. revision: yes
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Referee: [Abstract and estimator validation] The abstract states an 18σ detection in both harmonic and configuration space but provides no quantitative summary of residual systematics, covariance validation, or robustness tests for the novel momentum-weighted estimator. Given that the subsequent GNFW fitting and simulation comparison are used to claim higher feedback, explicit tests showing that the deviation from dark-matter tracing persists under reasonable HOD variations and estimator choices are needed to support the interpretation.
Authors: We accept that the abstract and validation sections would benefit from more quantitative detail. We have revised the abstract to include a concise statement on the robustness tests performed. In addition, we have expanded the estimator validation discussion to report quantitative summaries of residual systematics, covariance validation, and explicit checks confirming that the deviation from dark-matter tracing and the higher-feedback conclusion remain stable under reasonable HOD variations and alternative estimator choices. revision: yes
Circularity Check
No significant circularity in the kSZ derivation chain
full rationale
The paper's core results are direct cross-correlations between independent datasets (DESI DR2 spectroscopic LRGs and ACT DR6 kSZ maps), producing an 18σ detection in harmonic and configuration space. Conversion of galaxy gas profiles to halo-centric profiles via incorporation of the LRG HOD (and its uncertainty) is a post-measurement modeling step using separately determined occupation parameters, not a self-definitional loop or fitted input renamed as prediction. GNFW profile fitting and hydrodynamical simulation comparisons are interpretive post-processing that do not force the primary detection or the claim of gas redistribution by construction. No load-bearing self-citations, uniqueness theorems, or ansatz smuggling are required for the central measurement; the analysis remains self-contained against external benchmarks.
Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger
free parameters (1)
- GNFW profile parameters
axioms (2)
- domain assumption Standard flat Lambda-CDM cosmology for distance and halo mass conversions
- domain assumption LRG halo occupation distribution model and its uncertainty are sufficiently accurate
Reference graph
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