High-significance kSZ detections for BGS and ELG tracers reveal low gas fractions near virial radii in BGS halos likely due to AGN feedback and higher gas fractions in ELG halos suggesting weaker feedback.
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The DESI Experiment Part II: Instrument Design
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abstract
DESI (Dark Energy Spectropic Instrument) is a Stage IV ground-based dark energy experiment that will study baryon acoustic oscillations and the growth of structure through redshift-space distortions with a wide-area galaxy and quasar redshift survey. The DESI instrument is a robotically-actuated, fiber-fed spectrograph capable of taking up to 5,000 simultaneous spectra over a wavelength range from 360 nm to 980 nm. The fibers feed ten three-arm spectrographs with resolution $R= \lambda/\Delta\lambda$ between 2000 and 5500, depending on wavelength. The DESI instrument will be used to conduct a five-year survey designed to cover 14,000 deg$^2$. This powerful instrument will be installed at prime focus on the 4-m Mayall telescope in Kitt Peak, Arizona, along with a new optical corrector, which will provide a three-degree diameter field of view. The DESI collaboration will also deliver a spectroscopic pipeline and data management system to reduce and archive all data for eventual public use.
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representative citing papers
DESI DR2 quasar sample yields bias b_Q(z=2.48)=3.61 that evolves as b(z)=0.230[(1+z)^2-6.565]+2.394, consistent with constant ~10^12 M_sun halo mass and weak luminosity dependence at fixed redshift.
Augmented correlation functions extend the two-point correlation function with latent dimensions derived from the galaxy field to isolate additional clustering information in spectroscopic surveys.
DESI DR1 Lyman-alpha data yields Δ²★=0.379±0.032 and n★=-2.309±0.019 at k★=0.009 km⁻¹s and z=3, sharpening N_eff, α_s, and β_s constraints by factors of 1.18-1.90 when combined with other probes.
DESI measures BAO scales in six redshift bins with 0.52% combined precision using 5.7 million objects, detecting the signal at up to 9.1 sigma and finding larger scales than Planck LCDM at z<0.8.
Spectroscopic members of the M92 stream yield a Milky Way bar pattern speed of 29.1 +0.7/-0.4 km s^{-1} kpc^{-1}.
DESI DR2 and ACT DR6 data yield 17σ LRG-velocity, 8.3σ ELG-velocity, and 6.8σ QSO-velocity detections plus a 3.1σ velocity-velocity signal, producing f_NL^loc = 15.9_{-34.4}^{+34.6} from the velocity field.
DESI DR2 BAO data exhibits 2.3 sigma tension with CMB in Lambda-CDM but prefers evolving dark energy (w0 > -1, wa < 0) at 3.1 sigma with CMB and 2.8-4.2 sigma when including supernovae.
A catalog-level Alcock-Paczynski wavelength-shift blinding scheme for the Lyman-alpha forest robustly hides the expansion history and correctly shifts the BAO peak on DESI DR1 data and mocks.
Combining FAST and DESI data for 2.5 million galaxies shows cosmic atomic hydrogen density declined by only a factor of 1.35 over 4.5 Gyr, far less than the 2.46-fold decline in star formation.
A hybrid Jeffreys+baseline prior removes multi-σ prior-volume projection in DESI DR1 full-shape fits of H0, w0, and wa, yielding late-time expansion constraints consistent with HOD-informed Bayesian and frequentist analyses.
DESI LAE clustering measurements give a linear bias of 2.31-2.62 with constraints on radiative transfer effects and halo occupation from correlation functions and power spectra.
Multi-epoch spectroscopy of 33 ECLEs shows coronal lines emitted at intermediate radii with log(distance)-log(black hole mass) slopes of 0.63 and 0.69 for [O III] and [Fe VII], consistent with photoionization setting the radii.
Little red dots shift from underdense, low-halo-mass environments at z>4 to ordinary galaxy environments by z~3.5, explaining their declining abundance at z<3.
DESI-calibrated photometric redshifts raise HSC Y3's S8 from 0.769 to 0.805 ± 0.018, cutting the error by 1.8× and removing the S8 tension with Planck.
A heuristic power-spectrum rescaling applied to DESI DR1 BAO data plus CMB acoustic scale anchor yields H0 values of 69.2 to 70.3 km/s/Mpc at sub-2% precision across three independent late-time datasets.
Using idealized synthetic data, knowing the true continuum in Lyα forest auto- and cross-correlations reduces uncertainties on the AP parameter and Ω_m by ~10%, with extension to 240 h^{-1}Mpc scales adding up to ~15% further improvement equivalent to a 40% larger survey area.
DESI DR1 full-shape clustering yields Ω_m = 0.2962 ± 0.0095 and σ_8 = 0.842 ± 0.034 in flat ΛCDM, tightening to H_0 = 68.40 ± 0.27 km/s/Mpc with CMB and DESY3, while favoring w_0 > -1, w_a < 0 and limiting neutrino mass sum to < 0.071 eV.
DESI DR1 full-shape galaxy clustering constrains Omega_m = 0.296 ± 0.010, H0 = 68.63 ± 0.79 km/s/Mpc, and sigma_8 = 0.841 ± 0.034, consistent with LambdaCDM and Planck.
Novel implementation of anisotropic 3PCF model and estimator tested on 298 halo catalogs shows degeneracy breaking between f and b1 in 3PCF-only analysis but limited added value in joint 2PCF+3PCF due to tree-level model shortcomings on small scales.
DESI DR2 identifies 50,088 galaxies with moderate and 27,420 with strong evidence for down-the-barrel NaI D absorption revealing inflows at ~20 km/s and multiple accretion pathways at z < 0.6.
High-significance kSZ measurements around LRGs show gas is redistributed beyond gravitational collapse and imply more efficient feedback in group-scale halos than in standard hydrodynamical models.
Probabilistic spectroscopic classification of 251k LoTSS radio sources yields the largest high-confidence sample and confirms LERGs accrete below ~1% Eddington while HERGs accrete above it.
Forecasts show that line-of-sight dependent 3PCF tightens sigma_8 constraints by a factor of 5 over 2PCF alone for Roman ELG and DESI LRG samples on scales <80 Mpc/h using AbacusSummit simulations.
citing papers explorer
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Precision Kinematic Sunyaev--Zel'dovich Measurements Across Halo Mass and Redshift with DESI DR2 and ACT DR6: Part II. Bright Galaxy Survey and Emission-Line Galaxies
High-significance kSZ detections for BGS and ELG tracers reveal low gas fractions near virial radii in BGS halos likely due to AGN feedback and higher gas fractions in ELG halos suggesting weaker feedback.
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Clustering of high-redshift quasars with DESI DR2
DESI DR2 quasar sample yields bias b_Q(z=2.48)=3.61 that evolves as b(z)=0.230[(1+z)^2-6.565]+2.394, consistent with constant ~10^12 M_sun halo mass and weak luminosity dependence at fixed redshift.
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Augmented Correlation Functions for Spectroscopic Galaxy Surveys
Augmented correlation functions extend the two-point correlation function with latent dimensions derived from the galaxy field to isolate additional clustering information in spectroscopic surveys.
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Cosmological analysis of the DESI DR1 Lyman alpha 1D power spectrum
DESI DR1 Lyman-alpha data yields Δ²★=0.379±0.032 and n★=-2.309±0.019 at k★=0.009 km⁻¹s and z=3, sharpening N_eff, α_s, and β_s constraints by factors of 1.18-1.90 when combined with other probes.
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DESI 2024 III: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from Galaxies and Quasars
DESI measures BAO scales in six redshift bins with 0.52% combined precision using 5.7 million objects, detecting the signal at up to 9.1 sigma and finding larger scales than Planck LCDM at z<0.8.
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Constraining the Galactic bar using the M92 stellar stream
Spectroscopic members of the M92 stream yield a Milky Way bar pattern speed of 29.1 +0.7/-0.4 km s^{-1} kpc^{-1}.
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Measurement of the galaxy-velocity power spectrum of DESI tracers with the kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect using DESI DR2 and ACT DR6
DESI DR2 and ACT DR6 data yield 17σ LRG-velocity, 8.3σ ELG-velocity, and 6.8σ QSO-velocity detections plus a 3.1σ velocity-velocity signal, producing f_NL^loc = 15.9_{-34.4}^{+34.6} from the velocity field.
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DESI DR2 Results II: Measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Cosmological Constraints
DESI DR2 BAO data exhibits 2.3 sigma tension with CMB in Lambda-CDM but prefers evolving dark energy (w0 > -1, wa < 0) at 3.1 sigma with CMB and 2.8-4.2 sigma when including supernovae.
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Alcock-Paczynski Blinding Scheme for the Ly-$\alpha$ Forest Analysis
A catalog-level Alcock-Paczynski wavelength-shift blinding scheme for the Lyman-alpha forest robustly hides the expansion history and correctly shifts the BAO peak on DESI DR1 data and mocks.
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Weak Evolution of Cosmic Atomic Hydrogen over the Past 4.5 Billion Years
Combining FAST and DESI data for 2.5 million galaxies shows cosmic atomic hydrogen density declined by only a factor of 1.35 over 4.5 Gyr, far less than the 2.46-fold decline in star formation.
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Alleviating prior dependencies for DESI DR1 clustering fits through reparameterization
A hybrid Jeffreys+baseline prior removes multi-σ prior-volume projection in DESI DR1 full-shape fits of H0, w0, and wa, yielding late-time expansion constraints consistent with HOD-informed Bayesian and frequentist analyses.
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The 3D clustering of Lyman Alpha Emitters measured with DESI
DESI LAE clustering measurements give a linear bias of 2.31-2.62 with constraints on radiative transfer effects and halo occupation from correlation functions and power spectra.
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Mapping the nuclear environments of extreme coronal line emitting galaxies
Multi-epoch spectroscopy of 33 ECLEs shows coronal lines emitted at intermediate radii with log(distance)-log(black hole mass) slopes of 0.63 and 0.69 for [O III] and [Fe VII], consistent with photoionization setting the radii.
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Reduced Incidence of Little Red Dots at z < 3 from Number Density and Halo Mass Evolution
Little red dots shift from underdense, low-halo-mass environments at z>4 to ordinary galaxy environments by z~3.5, explaining their declining abundance at z<3.
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Cosmic Shear constraints from HSC Year 3 with clustering calibration of the tomographic redshift distributions from DESI
DESI-calibrated photometric redshifts raise HSC Y3's S8 from 0.769 to 0.805 ± 0.018, cutting the error by 1.8× and removing the S8 tension with Planck.
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$H_0$ Without the Sound Horizon (or Supernovae): A 2% Measurement in DESI DR1
A heuristic power-spectrum rescaling applied to DESI DR1 BAO data plus CMB acoustic scale anchor yields H0 values of 69.2 to 70.3 km/s/Mpc at sub-2% precision across three independent late-time datasets.
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Probing the limits of cosmological information from the Lyman-$\alpha$ forest 2-point correlation functions
Using idealized synthetic data, knowing the true continuum in Lyα forest auto- and cross-correlations reduces uncertainties on the AP parameter and Ω_m by ~10%, with extension to 240 h^{-1}Mpc scales adding up to ~15% further improvement equivalent to a 40% larger survey area.
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DESI 2024 VII: Cosmological Constraints from the Full-Shape Modeling of Clustering Measurements
DESI DR1 full-shape clustering yields Ω_m = 0.2962 ± 0.0095 and σ_8 = 0.842 ± 0.034 in flat ΛCDM, tightening to H_0 = 68.40 ± 0.27 km/s/Mpc with CMB and DESY3, while favoring w_0 > -1, w_a < 0 and limiting neutrino mass sum to < 0.071 eV.
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DESI 2024 V: Full-Shape Galaxy Clustering from Galaxies and Quasars
DESI DR1 full-shape galaxy clustering constrains Omega_m = 0.296 ± 0.010, H0 = 68.63 ± 0.79 km/s/Mpc, and sigma_8 = 0.841 ± 0.034, consistent with LambdaCDM and Planck.
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Modeling and measuring the anisotropic halo 3-point correlation function: a coordinated study
Novel implementation of anisotropic 3PCF model and estimator tested on 298 halo catalogs shows degeneracy breaking between f and b1 in 3PCF-only analysis but limited added value in joint 2PCF+3PCF due to tree-level model shortcomings on small scales.
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Peering down the barrel with DESI DR2: 10 000+ inflows at $z$ < 0.6 reveal how galaxies accrete cold gas
DESI DR2 identifies 50,088 galaxies with moderate and 27,420 with strong evidence for down-the-barrel NaI D absorption revealing inflows at ~20 km/s and multiple accretion pathways at z < 0.6.
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Precision Kinematic Sunyaev--Zel'dovich Measurements Across Halo Mass and Redshift with DESI DR2 and ACT DR6: Part I. Luminous Red Galaxies
High-significance kSZ measurements around LRGs show gas is redistributed beyond gravitational collapse and imply more efficient feedback in group-scale halos than in standard hydrodynamical models.
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The DESI View of the Faint Radio Source Population in LoTSS DR2
Probabilistic spectroscopic classification of 251k LoTSS radio sources yields the largest high-confidence sample and confirms LERGs accrete below ~1% Eddington while HERGs accrete above it.
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Increasing the sensitivity of full-shape galaxy clustering measurements in configuration-space with three-point statistics
Forecasts show that line-of-sight dependent 3PCF tightens sigma_8 constraints by a factor of 5 over 2PCF alone for Roman ELG and DESI LRG samples on scales <80 Mpc/h using AbacusSummit simulations.
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Impact of inhomogeneous curvature on growth rate measurements from magnitude fluctuations
Full-GR simulations find that inhomogeneous curvature produces only sub-dominant systematic offsets in growth-rate measurements from magnitude fluctuations at z ≲ 0.2 relative to current statistical errors.
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Sustainability as a design parameter in the early development of the Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope
An LCA of WST design options finds CMOS detectors with CO2 cooling cut operational emissions about 60% and data storage dominates the 20-year data-processing footprint.
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Constraining primordial non-Gaussianity from DESI DR1 quasars and Planck PR4 CMB Lensing
Cross-correlation of DESI DR1 quasars with Planck PR4 CMB lensing constrains local f_NL to 2^{+28}_{-34} (p=1.6) or 6^{+20}_{-24} (p=1.0), tightening previous limits by 35%.
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ELG$\times$LRG distribution through dark matter halo dynamics
A new halo occupation model called HOMe reproduces the anisotropic clustering of ELGs and LRGs down to 200 h^{-1} kpc scales by sampling satellites from dark matter particle positions and fitting parameters to two-point statistics.
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The DESI DR1 Peculiar Velocity Survey: growth rate measurements from the maximum likelihood fields method
DESI DR1 peculiar velocity data yields fσ8(z_eff=0.07) = 0.450 ± 0.055, consistent with Planck ΛCDM and GR growth index γ = 0.58 ± 0.11.
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DESI DR2 Galaxy Luminosity Functions
DESI DR2 yields galaxy luminosity functions showing non-power-law faint-end behavior and bright-end deviations, with good North-South agreement and reduced errors compared to GAMA.
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Combined tracer analysis for DESI 2024 BAO
Combining LRG and ELG tracers with bias weighting improves BAO constraints by 11% on alpha_iso and 7% on alpha_AP in DESI DR1 data for the 0.8<z<1.1 bin.
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Constraints on Neutrino Physics from DESI DR2 BAO and DR1 Full Shape
DESI DR2 BAO and full-shape data plus CMB yield ∑m_ν < 0.0642 eV (95% CL) under ΛCDM, in 3σ tension with oscillation lower limits, relaxed to <0.163 eV in w0waCDM.
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Electromagnetic Follow-up of the Sub-Solar Mass Gravitational Wave Candidate S251112cm: Kilonova Constraints and a Coincident IIb Supernova
No kilonova detected from sub-solar GW candidate S251112cm, but coincident IIb supernova SN 2025adtq yields suggestive evidence for the superkilonova channel, though inconclusive after accounting for chance coincidence.
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Present Day Cosmic Acceleration from SDSS and DESI BAO: A Call for Finer Tomography of the DESI Bright Galaxy Survey
DESI BAO+CMB yielding a positive present-day deceleration parameter q0≈0.10 (vs SDSS's q0≈−0.22) is explained by DESI's higher lowest effective redshift (0.295 vs 0.15), not by new physics.
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GIGA-Lens 2.0: Strong-Lens Modeling on Multiple GPU Nodes
GIGA-Lens 2.0 scales strong gravitational lens modeling across up to 128 GPU nodes and demonstrates it on 100 simulated systems plus one real DESI lens.
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DESI DR2 Reference Mocks: Clustering results from UCHUU ELGs and QSOs
Mock catalogs for DESI DR2 ELGs and QSOs are constructed via modified subhalo abundance matching on the Uchuu simulation to reproduce observed number density and clustering statistics.
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Cosmological constraints from the DESI DR1 Bispectrum Full-Shape and DR2 BAO
DESI DR1 bispectrum plus DR2 BAO data raise σ8 and S8 by ~1.1-1.2σ while tightening uncertainties, shift DESI-only w0waCDM toward ΛCDM, produce a 2.8σ deviation from ΛCDM when combined with CMB, and yield a neutrino mass sum posterior of 0.26±0.17 eV.
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Quality Assessment of Spectroscopic Data Reduction Pipelines Using Artificial Intelligence: Scrutinizing Data Release 2 from the DESI Survey
Unsupervised UMAP plus Friends-of-Friends clustering on 58 million DESI DR2 spectra identifies 1.1 million outlier candidates where visual checks show 67 percent have reduction artifacts missed by the standard pipeline.
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DESI Data Release 2 ELGs: Property-dependent subsamples, imaging systematics, and clustering
Property-dependent systematic weights derived separately on ELG subsamples, with separate DES footprint treatment, mitigate spurious clustering in ~10% of subsamples but are not optimal for the full sample.
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EP260321a/SN 2026gzf: The Faintest Shock Breakout Associated with a Broad-Lined Supernova
EP260321a is identified as the faintest shock breakout X-ray transient associated with broad-lined Ic supernova SN 2026gzf, interpreted as originating from a mildly relativistic weak outflow choked inside the progenitor star.
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GRB 260310A/SN 2026fgk: Photometric and Spectroscopic Evolution of a Nearby GRB-Supernova and an Exceptionally Bright Afterglow at z=0.153
GRB 260310A/SN 2026fgk is a spectroscopically confirmed Type Ic-BL supernova at z=0.153 with 0.4-0.6 times the luminosity of SN 1998bw, nickel mass 0.4-0.5 solar masses, ejected mass 4-6 solar masses, kinetic energy (3-8) x 10^51 erg, and located at a 15 kpc offset due to the host's extended light p
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UNIONS-3500 Weak Lensing: I. A Galaxy Shape Catalogue in the Northern Sky
A catalogue of 62 million galaxy shapes from 3500 sq deg of UNIONS r-band imaging achieves an effective source density of 4.96 arcmin^{-2} and shape noise of 0.27 after PSF calibration and validation.
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Extended Dark Energy analysis using DESI DR2 BAO measurements
Extended analysis of DESI DR2 data confirms robust evidence for dynamical dark energy with phantom crossing preference, stable under parametric and non-parametric modeling.
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DESI DR2 Results I: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations from the Lyman Alpha Forest
DESI DR2 delivers 0.65% precision BAO measurements from the LyA forest at z_eff=2.33, with D_H/r_d = 8.632 ± 0.098 ± 0.026 and D_M/r_d = 38.99 ± 0.52 ± 0.12.
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Astro2020 APC White Paper: The MegaMapper: a z > 2 spectroscopic instrument for the study of Inflation and Dark Energy
MegaMapper is proposed as a z>2 spectroscopic survey instrument on the Magellan telescope with DESI spectrographs for 20,000 multiplexing to measure inflation parameters and dark energy from galaxy redshifts at Las Campanas Observatory.
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From Large Telescopes to the MUltiplexed Survey Telescope (MUST)
MUST is a new 6.5 m telescope designed to deliver simultaneous optical spectra for over 20,000 targets across a 5 deg² field, enabling the largest 3D spectroscopic map of the Universe with redshifts for more than 100 million objects over an 8-year survey.