pith. machine review for the scientific record. sign in

arxiv: 2604.25107 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-28 · ⚛️ nucl-ex

Recognition: unknown

Large amplification of the isospin-dependence of proton emitting source size in radioactive heavy-ion collisions: a signal of n-p correlation

Y. J. Wang , C. K. Tam , Z. G. Xiao , W. G. Lynch , C. Y. Tsang , J. Barney , G. Jhang , J. Estee
show 59 more authors
M. B. Tsang R. S. Wang M. Kaneko J. W. Lee J. Park Z. Chaj\k{e}cki G. Verde T. Isobe M. Kurata-Nishimura T. Murakami D. S. Ahn L. Atar T. Aumann H. Baba K. Boretzky J. Brzychczyk G. Cerizza N. Chiga N. Fukuda I. Gasparic B. Hong A. Horvat K. Ieki N. Inabe Y. J. Kim T. Kobayashi Y. Kondo P. Lasko H. S. Lee Y. Leifels J. {\L}ukasik J. Manfredi A. B. McIntosh P. Morfouace T. Nakamura N. Nakatsuka S. Nishimura H. Otsu P. Paw{\l}owski K. Pelczar D. Rossi H. Sakurai C. Santamaria H. Sato H. Scheit R. Shane Y. Shimizu H. Simon A. Snoch A. Sochocka T. Sumikama H. Suzuki D. Suzuki H. Takeda S. Tangwancharoen H. Toernqvist Y. Togano S. J. Yennello Y. Zhang
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-07 14:10 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ nucl-ex
keywords proton-proton correlationfemtoscopic imagingshort-range correlationsheavy-ion collisionsisospin dependenceradioactive beamsneutron-rich nucleisource size
0
0 comments X

The pith

Proton emitting sources in neutron-rich Sn collisions are 24% larger than in neutron-deficient ones due to short-range neutron-proton correlations.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper measures proton-proton correlation functions from central collisions of neutron-rich 132Sn+124Sn and neutron-deficient 108Sn+112Sn at 270 MeV per nucleon. Femtoscopic imaging extracts a fast dynamic core radius of 2.22 fm for the neutron-rich system versus 1.74 fm for the neutron-deficient system. This 24% difference greatly exceeds the roughly 3% difference in the ground-state charge radii of the projectiles. Mean-field transport models cannot account for the amplification, which the authors link to short-range neutron-proton correlations that dynamically enlarge the proton source in neutron-rich conditions.

Core claim

The observation is that the isospin dependence of the proton emitting source size is amplified by a factor of eight relative to ground-state expectations. The fast dynamic core radius extracted via femtoscopic imaging is 2.22 fm in the neutron-rich system and 1.74 fm in the neutron-deficient system, a difference mean-field transport calculations fail to reproduce. The authors conclude that short-range neutron-proton correlations provide a beyond-mean-field mechanism that enhances the proton source in the neutron-rich environment.

What carries the argument

Femtoscopic imaging applied to measured proton-proton correlation functions, which isolates the fast dynamic core radius of the proton emitting source and exposes the isospin-dependent amplification.

If this is right

  • Heavy-ion collisions with radioactive beams combined with femtoscopic precision yield a new hadronic probe of short-range neutron-proton correlations.
  • Transport models of these processes must incorporate beyond-mean-field interactions to match the observed source sizes.
  • The proton emitting source exhibits a much stronger isospin dependence than ground-state radii or mean-field dynamics alone would predict.
  • Careful treatment of short-range correlations is required for accurate modeling of proton emission in neutron-rich environments.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The same amplification mechanism may affect other dynamic observables, such as neutron emission or collective flow, in isospin-asymmetric collisions.
  • Applying femtoscopic imaging to additional particle pairs or collision energies could map how short-range correlations vary with density and asymmetry.
  • Improved models that explicitly include short-range correlations might resolve similar discrepancies in other nuclear reaction observables.

Load-bearing premise

The femtoscopic method yields an unbiased fast dynamic core radius and the cited transport models contain all mean-field dynamics without inadvertently including or excluding short-range correlation effects.

What would settle it

A repeat measurement in similar systems that finds the source-size difference equal to the 3% ground-state radius difference would show that the reported amplification is absent or unrelated to short-range correlations.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2604.25107 by A. B. McIntosh, A. Horvat, A. Snoch, A. Sochocka, B. Hong, C. K. Tam, C. Santamaria, C. Y. Tsang, D. Rossi, D. S. Ahn, D. Suzuki, G. Cerizza, G. Jhang, G. Verde, H. Baba, H. Otsu, H. Sakurai, H. Sato, H. Scheit, H. Simon, H. S. Lee, H. Suzuki, H. Takeda, H. Toernqvist, I. Gasparic, J. Barney, J. Brzychczyk, J. Estee, J. {\L}ukasik, J. Manfredi, J. Park, J. W. Lee, K. Boretzky, K. Ieki, K. Pelczar, L. Atar, M. B. Tsang, M. Kaneko, M. Kurata-Nishimura, N. Chiga, N. Fukuda, N. Inabe, N. Nakatsuka, P. Lasko, P. Morfouace, P. Paw{\l}owski, R. Shane, R. S. Wang, S. J. Yennello, S. Nishimura, S. Tangwancharoen, T. Aumann, T. Isobe, T. Kobayashi, T. Murakami, T. Nakamura, T. Sumikama, W. G. Lynch, Y. J. Kim, Y. J. Wang, Y. Kondo, Y. Leifels, Y. Shimizu, Y. Togano, Y. Zhang, Z. Chaj\k{e}cki, Z. G. Xiao.

Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Proton-proton correlation functions for the view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. (a) Fitting results of source function for the view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: The best-fit values of the fast core radius 𝑅𝑐 and the fraction parameter 𝜆 are shown with their statistical (error bars) and systematic (shaded squares) uncertainties. The 1𝜎 confi￾r (fm) 108Sn+112Sn 132Sn+124Sn Total Core Tail (a) S(r) I1/I 2 (b) FIG. 3. (a) Fitting results of source function for the 108Sn +112Sn (red) and 132Sn +124Sn (black) reactions. Solid lines: total distribution; dashed lines: cor… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We report proton-proton correlation function measurements in central $^{132}$Sn+$^{124}$Sn and $^{108}$Sn+$^{112}$Sn collisions at 270 MeV/nucleon. The proton emitting source sizes are extracted for the systems by using femtoscopic imaging technique. The fast dynamic core radius for the neutron-rich system is found to be $2.22 \pm 0.13\ \text{(stat.)} \pm 0.07\ \text{(syst.)}$ fm, which is approximately 24\% larger than that for the neutron-deficient system, $1.74 \pm 0.08\ \text{(stat.)} \pm 0.05\ \text{(syst.)}$ fm. This difference is an order of magnitude larger than the $\sim$3\% difference in the ground-state charge radii of the projectile nuclei. Transport model simulations based on mean-field dynamics cannot reproduce this amplification. The observation reveals a beyond-mean-field mechanism associated to short-range neutron-proton correlations, which dynamically enhance the proton emitting source in the neutron-rich environment. Our results demonstrate that heavy-ion collisions induced by radioactive beam, combined with femtoscopic precision, provide a new hadronic probe of short-range correlation, and that careful treatment of the beyond-mean-field interactions are required in modeling such processes.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 3 minor

Summary. The paper reports proton-proton correlation function measurements in central collisions of neutron-rich (132Sn+124Sn) and neutron-deficient (108Sn+112Sn) systems at 270 MeV/nucleon. Using the femtoscopic imaging technique, the authors extract fast dynamic core radii of 2.22 ± 0.13 (stat.) ± 0.07 (syst.) fm and 1.74 ± 0.08 (stat.) ± 0.05 (syst.) fm, respectively, corresponding to a 24% difference that greatly exceeds the ~3% difference in ground-state charge radii. Mean-field transport models fail to reproduce the amplification, which is interpreted as evidence for a beyond-mean-field mechanism driven by short-range neutron-proton correlations that dynamically enhance the proton source in the neutron-rich case.

Significance. If the extracted radii are shown to be free of isospin-dependent methodological biases and the model comparisons cleanly isolate mean-field dynamics, the result would provide a new experimental handle on short-range correlations using radioactive-beam heavy-ion collisions. The quantitative size of the effect and its contrast to ground-state radii would make it a falsifiable signature that could motivate refinements in transport codes and complement electron-scattering SRC studies.

major comments (3)
  1. [Femtoscopic imaging section] Femtoscopic imaging section: the central claim that the 24% radius difference is a clean signature of beyond-mean-field SRC requires explicit validation that the imaging inversion returns an unbiased core radius independent of isospin asymmetry. The manuscript should include mock-data tests (simulated correlation functions generated with known isospin-dependent source functions, emission durations, and final-state interactions) to demonstrate that no artificial amplification arises from the method itself.
  2. [Transport-model comparison section] Transport-model comparison section: the statement that 'mean-field dynamics cannot reproduce this amplification' is load-bearing for the beyond-mean-field interpretation, yet the specific models, forces (e.g., Skyrme parametrizations), and in-medium cross sections are not enumerated. Without this, it remains possible that emergent correlations from the effective interaction are inadvertently included or excluded, weakening the attribution to SRC.
  3. [Results section] Results section (comparison to ground-state radii): while the 24% vs. ~3% contrast is striking, the paper should quantify the maximum radius difference expected from purely mean-field isospin effects (including any differences in emission time or source geometry between the two systems) to make the 'order of magnitude larger' claim falsifiable.
minor comments (3)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract and introduction should explicitly state the beam energy (270 MeV/nucleon) when first mentioning the collision systems.
  2. Figure captions and legends must clearly label which data set corresponds to the neutron-rich versus neutron-deficient system to avoid reader confusion.
  3. [Introduction] Add a brief reference to prior femtoscopy work on stable Sn isotopes for context on the imaging technique.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and constructive suggestions, which have helped us improve the clarity and robustness of our claims. We address each major comment below and have revised the manuscript to incorporate the requested validations, details, and quantifications.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Femtoscopic imaging section] Femtoscopic imaging section: the central claim that the 24% radius difference is a clean signature of beyond-mean-field SRC requires explicit validation that the imaging inversion returns an unbiased core radius independent of isospin asymmetry. The manuscript should include mock-data tests (simulated correlation functions generated with known isospin-dependent source functions, emission durations, and final-state interactions) to demonstrate that no artificial amplification arises from the method itself.

    Authors: We agree that explicit validation against isospin-dependent biases is essential for the central claim. We have performed mock-data tests by generating simulated proton-proton correlation functions from known input source functions that incorporate varying isospin asymmetries, emission durations (10-25 fm/c), and final-state interactions. Applying the identical femtoscopic imaging inversion procedure recovers the input core radii to within 3% accuracy, with no artificial isospin-dependent amplification introduced by the method. A new subsection (or appendix) detailing the mock-data generation, inversion results, and bias analysis will be added to the revised manuscript. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Transport-model comparison section] Transport-model comparison section: the statement that 'mean-field dynamics cannot reproduce this amplification' is load-bearing for the beyond-mean-field interpretation, yet the specific models, forces (e.g., Skyrme parametrizations), and in-medium cross sections are not enumerated. Without this, it remains possible that emergent correlations from the effective interaction are inadvertently included or excluded, weakening the attribution to SRC.

    Authors: We acknowledge the need for full transparency on the model details. The transport calculations use the isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (IBUU) framework with Skyrme effective interactions (SkM* and SLy4 parametrizations) and density-dependent in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections (Cugnon parametrization scaled by a factor of ~0.7 at saturation density). These choices are now explicitly enumerated in an expanded transport-model comparison section, with references to prior validations for isospin observables. This clarifies that only mean-field dynamics plus standard two-body collisions are included, supporting the attribution to beyond-mean-field effects. revision: yes

  3. Referee: [Results section] Results section (comparison to ground-state radii): while the 24% vs. ~3% contrast is striking, the paper should quantify the maximum radius difference expected from purely mean-field isospin effects (including any differences in emission time or source geometry between the two systems) to make the 'order of magnitude larger' claim falsifiable.

    Authors: We agree that an explicit upper bound from mean-field dynamics strengthens the interpretation. Using the same IBUU transport models restricted to mean-field evolution (no additional fluctuations), we varied isospin asymmetry, emission times (within physically plausible 10-25 fm/c ranges), and source geometries consistent with the collision centrality. The maximum resulting difference in extracted proton source radii is ~6-7%. This bound will be added to the results section alongside the ground-state radius comparison, rendering the 'order of magnitude larger' statement quantitatively falsifiable. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: central result is direct experimental extraction compared to independent simulations

full rationale

The paper's core claim rests on measured proton-proton correlation functions in two collision systems, from which source sizes are extracted via the femtoscopic imaging technique. The reported 24% difference in fast dynamic core radii is presented as an experimental observation, with the amplification relative to ground-state radii and the failure of mean-field transport models to reproduce it offered as evidence for beyond-mean-field SRC. No equation or step in the provided text reduces the extracted radii or the claimed amplification to a fitted parameter, self-defined quantity, or load-bearing self-citation by construction. The comparison to transport models is external and falsifiable, satisfying the criteria for non-circularity.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The claim rests on the validity of the femtoscopic imaging method for extracting source radii and on the assumption that the referenced mean-field transport models contain no short-range correlation contributions by construction.

free parameters (1)
  • imaging fit parameters
    Parameters used to extract the reported core radii from the measured correlation functions.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Femtoscopic imaging accurately recovers the proton emitting source size from two-particle correlations
    Invoked to convert the measured correlation functions into the quoted 2.22 fm and 1.74 fm radii.
  • domain assumption The cited transport models represent pure mean-field dynamics without short-range n-p correlations
    Used to conclude that the observed amplification requires beyond-mean-field physics.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5902 in / 1535 out tokens · 123420 ms · 2026-05-07T14:10:35.794453+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

68 extracted references · 45 canonical work pages · 3 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Z. G. Xiao acknowledges the support from the Initiative Scientific Research Program of Tsinghua University. 6

  2. [2]

    Angeli and K

    I. Angeli and K. P . Marinova, Table of experimental nuclear ground state charge radii: An update, Atom. Data Nucl. Data Tabl. 99, 69 (2013)

    2013

  3. [3]

    F. P . Gustafssonet al., Charge Radii Measurements of Exotic Tin Isotopes in the Proximity of N=50 and N=82, Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 222501 (2025), arXiv:2504.17060 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2025

  4. [4]

    R. J. Charity, L. G. Sobotka, and W. H. Dickhoff, Asymmetry dependence of proton correlations, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 162503 (2006), arXiv:nucl-ex/0605026

    work page arXiv 2006

  5. [5]

    Enciu et al., Extended 𝑝3/2 Neutron Orbital and the 𝑁 = 32 Shell Closure in 52Ca, Phys

    M. Enciu et al., Extended 𝑝3/2 Neutron Orbital and the 𝑁 = 32 Shell Closure in 52Ca, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 262501 (2022)

    2022

  6. [6]

    Momentum sharing in imbalanced Fermi systems

    O. Hen et al., Momentum sharing in imbalanced Fermi systems, Science 346, 614 (2014), arXiv:1412.0138 [nucl-ex]

    work page Pith review arXiv 2014

  7. [7]

    Duer et al

    M. Duer et al. (CLAS), Probing high-momentum protons and neutrons in neutron-rich nuclei, Nature 560, 617 (2018)

    2018

  8. [8]

    Duer et al

    M. Duer et al. (CLAS), Direct Observation of Proton-Neutron Short-Range Correlation Dominance in Heavy Nuclei, Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 172502 (2019), arXiv:1810.05343 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2019

  9. [9]

    Miller, A

    G. Miller, A. Beck, S. May-Tal Beck, L. Weinstein, E. Piasetzky, and O. Hen, Can long-range nuclear properties be influenced by short range interactions? a chiral dynamics estimate, Physics Letters B 793, 360 (2019)

    2019

  10. [10]

    Lee et al., Neutron spectroscopic factors of Ar-34 and Ar-46 from (p, d) transfer reactions, Phys

    J. Lee et al., Neutron spectroscopic factors of Ar-34 and Ar-46 from (p, d) transfer reactions, Phys. Rev. C 83, 014606 (2011)

    2011

  11. [11]

    Equations of state for supernovae and compact stars

    M. Oertel, M. Hempel, T. Klähn, and S. T ypel, Equations of state for supernovae and compact stars, Rev. Mod. Phys. 89, 015007 (2017), arXiv:1610.03361 [astro-ph.HE]

    work page Pith review arXiv 2017

  12. [12]

    B. P . Abbott et al. (LIGO Scientific, Virgo), GW170817: Ob- servation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star In- spiral, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 161101 (2017) , arXiv:1710.05832 [gr-qc]

    work page internal anchor Pith review arXiv 2017

  13. [13]

    B. P . Abbottet al. (LIGO Scientific, Virgo), GW170817: Mea- surements of neutron star radii and equation of state, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 161101 (2018), arXiv:1805.11581 [gr-qc]

    work page Pith review arXiv 2018

  14. [14]

    R. An, X. Jiang, N. Tang, L.-G. Cao, and F.-S. Zhang, Improved description of nuclear charge radii: Global trends beyond𝑛 = 28 shell closure, Phys. Rev. C 109, 064302 (2024)

    2024

  15. [15]

    Guo and D.-J

    W.-M. Guo and D.-J. Li, Probing the surface properties of proton-rich nuclei with the yield ratios of neutrons and protons in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 110, 064617 (2024)

    2024

  16. [16]

    Huth et al., Constraining Neutron-Star Matter with Micro- scopic and Macroscopic Collisions, Nature 606, 276 (2022) , arXiv:2107.06229 [nucl-th]

    S. Huth et al., Constraining Neutron-Star Matter with Micro- scopic and Macroscopic Collisions, Nature 606, 276 (2022) , arXiv:2107.06229 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2022

  17. [17]

    C. Y . Tsang, M. B. Tsang, W. G. Lynch, R. Kumar, and C. J. Horowitz, Determination of the equation of state from nuclear experiments and neutron star observations, Nature Astron. 8, 328 (2024), arXiv:2310.11588 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2024

  18. [18]

    K.-J. Sun, R. Wang, C. M. Ko, Y .-G. Ma, and C. Shen, Unveiling the dynamics of little-bang nucleosynthesis, Nature Commun. 15, 1074 (2024), arXiv:2207.12532 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2024

  19. [19]

    Sorensen et al., Dense nuclear matter equation of state from heavy-ion collisions, Prog

    A. Sorensen et al., Dense nuclear matter equation of state from heavy-ion collisions, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 134, 104080 (2024), arXiv:2301.13253 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2024

  20. [20]

    Wanget al., The emission order of hydrogen isotopes via cor- relation functions in 30 MeV/u Ar+Au reactions, Phys

    Y . Wanget al., The emission order of hydrogen isotopes via cor- relation functions in 30 MeV/u Ar+Au reactions, Phys. Lett. B 825, 136856 (2022), arXiv:2112.02210 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2022

  21. [21]

    X. Duan, J. Liu, X. Liu, W. Lin, H. Zheng, A. Bonasera, Z. Chen, J. Han, M. Huang, K. Hagel, C. W. Ma, G. Qu, P . Ren, G. Tian, J. Wang, R. Wada, and J. B. Natowitz, Emission time chronology of 3He relative to hydrogen isotopes in 64Zn +197 Au collisions at 35 MeV/u, Phys. Rev. C 113, 014603 (2026)

    2026

  22. [22]

    J. Xu, Z. Qin, R. Zou, D. Si, S. Xiao, B. Tian, Y . Wang, and Z. Xiao, Imaging Freeze-Out Sources and Extracting Strong In- teraction Parameters in Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions, Chin. Phys. Lett. 42, 031401 (2025), arXiv:2411.08718 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2025

  23. [23]

    Zhang, J

    H. Zhang, J. Xu, P . Li, Z. Qin, D. Si, Y . Wang, Y . Wang, Q. Li, and Z. Xiao, Probing the three-dimensional emission source and neutron skin via 𝜋-𝜋 correlations in heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C 113, 034904 (2026), arXiv:2510.20554 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2026

  24. [24]

    Excitation function of femtoscopic L\'evy source parameters of pion pairs in EPOS4

    Y . Huang, M. Molnar, D. Kincses, and M. Csanad, Excitation function of femtoscopic Lévy source parameters of pion pairs in EPOS4, Phys. Lett. B 876, 140423 (2026), arXiv:2512.02560 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  25. [25]

    Si et al., Extracting Neutron-Neutron Interaction Strength and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Neutron Emission from the T wo-Particle Correlation Function,Phys

    D. Si et al., Extracting Neutron-Neutron Interaction Strength and Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Neutron Emission from the T wo-Particle Correlation Function,Phys. Rev. Lett.134, 222301 (2025), arXiv:2501.09576 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2025

  26. [26]

    Adamczyk et al

    L. Adamczyk et al. (STAR), Measurement of Interaction be- tween Antiprotons, Nature 527, 345 (2015) , arXiv:1507.07158 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2015

  27. [27]

    Estee et al

    J. Estee et al. (SpiRIT), Probing the Symmetry Energy with the Spectral Pion Ratio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 162701 (2021) , arXiv:2103.06861 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2021

  28. [28]

    Kaneko et al

    M. Kaneko et al. (SpiRIT), Rapidity distributions of Z=1 iso- topes and the nuclear symmetry energy from Sn+Sn collisions with radioactive beams at 270 MeV/nucleon, Phys. Lett. B 822, 136681 (2021)

    2021

  29. [29]

    J. W. Lee et al. (SpiRIT), Isoscaling in central Sn+Sn collisions at 270 MeV/u,Eur. Phys. J. A58, 201 (2022), arXiv:2211.02837 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2022

  30. [30]

    C. Y . Tsang et al. (SpiRIT), Constraining nucleon effective masses with flow and stopping observables from the S 𝜋RIT ex- periment, Phys. Lett. B 853, 138661 (2024) , arXiv:2312.06678 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2024

  31. [31]

    Kurata-Nishimura et al., Directed and elliptic flow observa- tions in Sn+Sn collisions with radioactive beams at 270 MeV/u, Phys

    M. Kurata-Nishimura et al., Directed and elliptic flow observa- tions in Sn+Sn collisions with radioactive beams at 270 MeV/u, Phys. Lett. B 871, 139970 (2025)

    2025

  32. [32]

    Shane et al

    R. Shane et al. (SpiRIT), S 𝜋RIT: A time-projection chamber for symmetry-energy studies, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 784, 513 (2015), arXiv:1409.6343 [physics.ins-det]

    work page arXiv 2015

  33. [33]

    Tangwancharoen et al

    S. Tangwancharoen et al. (SpiRIT), A Gating Grid Driver for Time Projection Chambers, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 853, 44 (2017), arXiv:1612.06708 [physics.ins-det]

    work page arXiv 2017

  34. [34]

    Estee et al

    J. Estee et al. (SpiRIT), Extending the dynamic range of elec- tronics in a Time Projection Chamber, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 944, 162509 (2019)

    2019

  35. [35]

    Barney et al., The S 𝜋RIT time projection chamber, Rev

    J. Barney et al., The S 𝜋RIT time projection chamber, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 92, 063302 (2021) , arXiv:2005.10806 [physics.ins- det]

    work page arXiv 2021

  36. [36]

    Lasko et al., KATANA - a charge-sensitive triggering sys- tem for the S 𝜋RIT experiment, Nucl

    P . Lasko et al., KATANA - a charge-sensitive triggering sys- tem for the S 𝜋RIT experiment, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 856, 92 (2017), arXiv:1610.06682 [physics.ins-det]

    work page arXiv 2017

  37. [37]

    Isobe et al., Application of the Generic Electronics for Time Projection Chamber (GET) readout system for heavy Radioac- tive isotope collision experiments, Nucl

    T. Isobe et al., Application of the Generic Electronics for Time Projection Chamber (GET) readout system for heavy Radioac- tive isotope collision experiments, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 899, 43 (2018)

    2018

  38. [38]

    H. Otsu et al., Samurai in its operation phase for ribf users, Nu- clear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 376, 175 (2016)

    2016

  39. [39]

    J. W. Lee et al. (SpiRIT), Charged particle track reconstruction with S𝜋RIT Time Projection Chamber, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 7 965, 163840 (2020), arXiv:2001.04820 [physics.ins-det]

    work page arXiv 2020

  40. [40]

    S𝜋RITROOT Software, https://github.com/SpiRIT- Collaboration/SpiRITROOT/tree/33821f0

  41. [41]

    C. Y . Tsanget al. (SpiRIT), Space charge effects in the S 𝜋RIT time projection chamber, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 959, 163477 (2020), arXiv:1912.11045 [physics.ins-det]

    work page arXiv 2020

  42. [42]

    W. D. Myers, Geometric properties of leptodermous distribu- tions with applications to nuclei, Nucl. Phys. A 204, 465 (1973)

    1973

  43. [43]

    M. A. Lisa, W. G. Gong, C. K. Gelbke, and W. G. Lynch, Event- mixing analysis of two-proton correlation functions, Phys. Rev. C 44, 2865 (1991)

    1991

  44. [44]

    G. I. Kopylov, Like particle correlations as a tool to study the multiple production mechanism, Phys. Lett. B 50, 472 (1974)

    1974

  45. [45]

    B. E. Aboona et al. (STAR), Light nuclei femtoscopy and baryon interactions in 3 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC, Phys. Lett. B 864, 139412 (2025), arXiv:2410.03436 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2025

  46. [46]

    Pion interferometry in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{\mathrm{s}_{_{\mathrm{NN}}}}$ = 200 GeV

    J. Adams et al. (STAR), Pion interferometry in Au+Au collisions at S(NN)**(1/2) = 200-GeV , Phys. Rev. C 71, 044906 (2005) , arXiv:nucl-ex/0411036

    work page Pith review arXiv 2005

  47. [47]

    Nzabahimana and P

    P . Nzabahimana and P . Danielewicz, Source function from two-particle correlation through deblurring, Phys. Lett. B 846, 138247 (2023), arXiv:2307.00173 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2023

  48. [48]

    Nzabahimana, P

    P . Nzabahimana, P . Danielewicz, and G. Verde, Source function from two-particle correlations through deblurring: p-p and d - 𝛼 pairs, Nuovo Cim. C 48, 39 (2024)

    2024

  49. [49]

    C.-K. Tam, Z. Chajęcki, P . Danielewicz, and P . Nzabahimana, Source function from two-particle correlation function through entropy-regularized Richardson-Lucy deblurring, Phys. Rev. C 112, 024613 (2025), arXiv:2502.09478 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2025

  50. [50]

    Verde, D

    G. Verde, D. A. Brown, P . Danielewicz, C. K. Gelbke, W. G. Lynch, and M. B. Tsang, Imaging sources with fast and slow emission components, Phys. Rev. C 65, 054609 (2002) , arXiv:nucl-ex/0112004

    work page arXiv 2002

  51. [51]

    Verde, P

    G. Verde, P . Danielewicz, W. G. Lynch, D. A. Brown, C. K. Gel- bke, and M. B. Tsang, Probing transport theories via two proton source imaging, Phys. Rev. C 67, 034606 (2003) , arXiv:nucl- ex/0301013

    work page arXiv 2003

  52. [52]

    D. A. Brown and P . Danielewicz, Imaging of sources in heavy ion reactions, Phys. Lett. B 398, 252 (1997) , arXiv:nucl- th/9701010

    work page arXiv 1997

  53. [53]

    Kincses, M

    D. Kincses, M. Nagy, and M. Csanád, Lévy walk of pi- ons in heavy-ion collisions, Commun. Phys. 8, 55 (2025) , arXiv:2409.10373 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2025

  54. [54]

    Tsallis, S

    C. Tsallis, S. V . F. Levy, A. M. C. Souza, and R. Maynard, Statistical-Mechanical Foundation of the Ubiquity of Levy Dis- tributions in Nature, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3589 (1995)

    1995

  55. [55]

    N. J. Abdulameer et al. (PHENIX), Centrality dependence of Lévy-stable two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in sNN=200 GeV Au+Au collisions, Phys. Rev. C 110, 064909 (2024) , arXiv:2407.08586 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2024

  56. [56]

    Wang and J

    L. Wang and J. Zhao, Learning hadron emitting sources with deep neural networks, Commun. Phys. 9, 90 (2026) , arXiv:2411.16343 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2026

  57. [57]

    M. B. Tsang, Y . Zhang, P . Danielewicz, M. Famiano, Z. Li, W . G. Lynch, and A. W. Steiner, Constraints on the density de- pendence of the symmetry energy, Phys. Rev. Lett.102, 122701 (2009), arXiv:0811.3107 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2009

  58. [58]

    L.-W . Chen, C. M. Ko, and B.-A. Li, Determination of the stiff- ness of the nuclear symmetry energy from isospin diffusion, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 032701 (2005), arXiv:nucl-th/0407032

    work page arXiv 2005

  59. [59]

    Li et al., Unlocking the initial neutron density distribution from the two-pion HBT correlation function in heavy-ion col- lisions, Phys

    P . Li et al., Unlocking the initial neutron density distribution from the two-pion HBT correlation function in heavy-ion col- lisions, Phys. Lett. B 870, 139963 (2025) , arXiv:2510.12226 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2025

  60. [60]

    Wei, X.-G

    G.-F. Wei, X.-G. Cao, Q.-J. Zhi, X.-W . Cao, and Z.-W . Long, Proton-proton momentum correlation function as a probe of the high momentum tail of the nucleon-momentum distribution, Phys. Rev. C 101, 014613 (2020)

    2020

  61. [61]

    Shen, B.-S

    L. Shen, B.-S. Huang, and Y .-G. Ma, Short-range correlations in the extended quantum molecular dynamics model, Phys. Rev. C 105, 014603 (2022)

    2022

  62. [62]

    Xu et al., Precise measurement of short-range correlations in nuclei from bremsstrahlung gamma-ray emission in low- energy heavy-ion collisions, Phys

    J. Xu et al., Precise measurement of short-range correlations in nuclei from bremsstrahlung gamma-ray emission in low- energy heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. Res. 7, 043174 (2025) , arXiv:2504.13929 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2025

  63. [63]

    J. Xu, Q. Niu, Y . Qin, et al., Experimental study of bremsstrahlung 𝛾-ray emission and short-range correlations in 124Sn +124 Sn collisions at 25 MeV/nucleon, Phys. Rev. C 113, 044613 (2026)

    2026

  64. [64]

    B.-A. Li, Beyond 𝜌2/3 scaling: microscopic origins and multi- messengers of high-density nuclear symmetry energy, The Eu- ropean Physical Journal Special Topics 10.1140/epjs/s11734- 026-02124-1 (2026)

    work page doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734- 2026

  65. [65]

    Guo-peng Li, Ji-you Fu, Jin Zhou, Xin-le Shang, Jian-min Dong, and Wei Zuo, Impact of neutron–proton pairing on the nu- cleon high-momentum distribution in symmetric nuclear mat- ter, arXiv (2026), arXiv:2604.05410 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2026

  66. [66]

    Sedrakian, Short-Range Correlations and Urca Process in Neutron Stars, Phys

    A. Sedrakian, Short-Range Correlations and Urca Process in Neutron Stars, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 171401 (2024) , arXiv:2406.16183 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2024

  67. [67]

    Cai, B.-A

    B.-J. Cai, B.-A. Li, and Y .-G. Ma, Nucleon short-range correla- tions and high-momentum dynamics: implications on the equa- tion of state of dense matter, The European Physical Journal Special Topics 10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02227-9 (2026)

    work page doi:10.1140/epjs/s11734-026-02227-9 2026

  68. [68]

    Nzabahimana, Pierre, Danielewicz, Pawel and Verde, Giuseppe, Transport Theory and Correlation Measurements Coming to Terms on Emission Sources, arXiv (2025), arXiv:2506.01271 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2025