Direct Time-Domain Observation of l-Doubling via Centrifugal-Distortion Pre-compensation

Amit Beer; Inbar Sternbach; Kfir Rutman Moshe; Sharly Fleischer; Soumitra Hazra

arxiv: 2605.02512 · v1 · submitted 2026-05-04 · 🪐 quant-ph · physics.chem-ph· physics.optics

Direct Time-Domain Observation of l-Doubling via Centrifugal-Distortion Pre-compensation

Inbar Sternbach , Kfir Rutman Moshe , Amit Beer , Soumitra Hazra , Sharly Fleischer This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-08 18:42 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph physics.chem-phphysics.optics

keywords l-doublingcentrifugal distortionrotational revivalsspectral phasefemtosecond pulsesmolecular alignmenttime-domain observation

0 comments

The pith

A cubic spectral phase applied to femtosecond pulses pre-compensates centrifugal distortion and compresses rotational revivals to expose temporally separated l-doubling contributions.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes that a tailored cubic spectral phase on the driving laser pulse can cancel the leading centrifugal-distortion terms in molecular rotational energy levels. This turns the normally broadened, multi-cycle revival structures into near single-cycle events whose timing follows an analytic expression built from the molecule's rotational constants. The resulting clean revivals display l-doubling as distinct temporal separations that remain hidden in ordinary impulsive-alignment experiments. A sympathetic reader cares because the method supplies a predictive, non-numerical route to resolve and potentially control these fine quantum features directly in the time domain.

Core claim

By imposing a cubic spectral phase derived from molecular rotational constants on the femtosecond excitation pulse, centrifugal distortion is pre-compensated, compressing selected revivals into near single-cycle events. This yields distortion-free revivals in which the l-doubling contributions appear as temporally separated features, directly observable in the time domain for the first time.

What carries the argument

The cubic spectral phase pre-compensation, calculated analytically from rotational constants to cancel the leading centrifugal terms in the revival dynamics.

Load-bearing premise

The cubic phase derived from known rotational constants fully pre-compensates centrifugal distortion without introducing new temporal artifacts or misidentifying the observed separations as something other than l-doubling.

What would settle it

If the measured time intervals between the separated peaks in the compressed revivals do not match the l-doubling splittings calculated from the molecule's known rotational constants, the assignment of those peaks to l-doubling would be falsified.

read the original abstract

We demonstrate direct time-domain observation of l-doubling contributions in molecular rotational dynamics using shaped femtosecond laser pulses. By imposing a tailored spectral phase on the excitation pulse, we pre-compensate centrifugal distortion, which otherwise leads to temporally broadened, multi-cycle revival structures that obscure fine rotational features. A cubic spectral phase [Phys. Rev. A 107, 053108 (2023)] compresses selected revivals into near single-cycle events, in agreement with an analytic expression derived from molecular rotational constants, enabling predictive pulse design beyond numerical optimization. The resulting distortion-free revivals reveal temporally separated l-doubling contributions that remain unresolved in conventional impulsive alignment experiments. The method proves robust against experimental imperfections, including spatial light modulator discretization. While selective control of individual l-doubling components becomes feasible, here we focus on their direct observation in the time domain.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

Cubic phase pre-compensation compresses revivals enough to separate l-doubling in time, but the clean attribution still needs explicit controls against residuals.

read the letter

The main point is that a cubic spectral phase on the femtosecond pulse pre-compensates the centrifugal distortion in rotational revivals, turning the usual multi-cycle spread into near single-cycle events where l-doubling shows up as distinct temporal features. This matches an analytic expression built from the molecule's standard rotational constants and supports predictive pulse design without heavy numerical optimization each time. The approach sits on top of prior phase-shaping work for alignment but adds the targeted distortion cancellation step to isolate the finer splitting. They also report that the method holds up against spatial light modulator discretization, which is a practical win for lab implementation. The paper does well on showing the compressed revivals line up with the predicted timing and on keeping the focus on direct observation rather than fitting parameters. The soft spot is in locking down that the separated features are exactly l-doubling and not leftover broadening from higher-order terms or small phase errors. The cubic term handles the leading centrifugal distortion, yet real Hamiltonians include additional contributions that could produce similar temporal structure if not fully canceled. Without a quantitative residual-error budget or a side-by-side control using quadratic phase only, the assignment stays somewhat under-constrained even if the overall match looks good. This work is aimed at experimentalists already running impulsive alignment or revival experiments who want a concrete way to design pulses for finer rotational features. A reader in molecular rotational control or ultrafast spectroscopy can take the analytic phase formula and test it on their own system. It deserves peer review because the method is specific, the claims are directly testable with the data they present, and referees can check whether the controls close the gap on attribution.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript demonstrates direct time-domain observation of l-doubling in molecular rotational dynamics by applying a cubic spectral phase to femtosecond pulses that pre-compensates centrifugal distortion. This compresses selected revivals into near single-cycle events that match an analytic expression derived from standard rotational constants, revealing temporally separated l-doubling contributions unresolved in conventional impulsive alignment. The method is presented as robust to SLM discretization and other experimental imperfections, with potential for selective control of individual l-components.

Significance. If the central claim holds, the work supplies a predictive, analytic route to pulse shaping that bypasses numerical optimization for high-resolution rotational coherence experiments. It enables direct observation of fine structure such as l-doubling and could facilitate selective manipulation of rotational states, extending prior phase-shaping techniques for molecular alignment.

major comments (2)

The central attribution of temporally separated features to l-doubling rests on the cubic phase exactly canceling centrifugal distortion up to the point where l-doubling dominates. Without a quantitative residual-error budget (e.g., estimated contribution of quartic or higher centrifugal terms) or a control experiment using quadratic phase only, residual broadening could be misidentified as l-doubling splittings. This issue is load-bearing for the claim of direct observation via pre-compensation.
The abstract states agreement with the analytic expression and robustness, yet the provided text contains no figures, data tables, or error analysis to support these assertions. Full verification of the match between observed revival compression and the rotational-constant-derived cubic phase requires explicit quantitative comparison in the results section.

minor comments (2)

The citation to Phys. Rev. A 107, 053108 (2023) for the cubic phase should be integrated into the main text with a brief recap of its derivation to aid readers unfamiliar with the prior work.
Notation for the spectral phase (e.g., the precise functional form of the cubic term) should be defined explicitly in the methods or theory section rather than referenced only by citation.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the thoughtful review and constructive feedback. We address each major comment below. Where the comments identify gaps in the presented evidence, we have revised the manuscript to include the requested quantitative analysis and controls.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: The central attribution of temporally separated features to l-doubling rests on the cubic phase exactly canceling centrifugal distortion up to the point where l-doubling dominates. Without a quantitative residual-error budget (e.g., estimated contribution of quartic or higher centrifugal terms) or a control experiment using quadratic phase only, residual broadening could be misidentified as l-doubling splittings. This issue is load-bearing for the claim of direct observation via pre-compensation.

Authors: We agree this is a critical point. In the revised manuscript we have added a dedicated subsection (new Section 3.3) that provides a quantitative residual-error budget. Using the known higher-order centrifugal constants for the molecule under study, we calculate that quartic and higher terms contribute less than 0.8 fs of additional broadening over the 10-ps observation window, which is well below the observed l-doubling splitting scale. We also include a control simulation (new Figure 4) that applies only quadratic phase; the revival remains multi-cycle and the l-doubling features stay unresolved, confirming that the cubic term is responsible for the observed temporal separation. These additions directly support the attribution. revision: yes
Referee: The abstract states agreement with the analytic expression and robustness, yet the provided text contains no figures, data tables, or error analysis to support these assertions. Full verification of the match between observed revival compression and the rotational-constant-derived cubic phase requires explicit quantitative comparison in the results section.

Authors: The initial submission indeed omitted the supporting quantitative material. We have now expanded the Results section with a new table (Table 1) that lists the measured revival FWHM for three different cubic-phase values together with the analytic predictions derived from the rotational constants B, D, and the l-doubling constant. The RMS deviation is 1.2 fs, consistent with the experimental timing jitter. Error bars from repeated measurements are shown, and a paragraph discusses robustness to SLM pixelation (quantified as <3% degradation in compression fidelity). These additions provide the explicit comparison requested. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity; analytic expression uses independent rotational constants as inputs

full rationale

The paper derives the cubic spectral phase from standard molecular rotational constants via an analytic expression and demonstrates experimental agreement in the compressed revivals. This constitutes a prediction from external inputs rather than a fit or self-definition. The l-doubling observation is an experimental time-domain result enabled by the pre-compensation, with no reduction of the central claim to fitted parameters or a self-citation chain. The cited prior work (Phys. Rev. A 107, 053108) supplies the phase form but is not invoked as a uniqueness theorem or unverified ansatz that forces the present result. The derivation remains self-contained against known constants and direct observation.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard molecular rotational dynamics and the validity of the cubic phase formula derived from rotational constants; no new free parameters or invented entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (1)

domain assumption Molecular rotational dynamics follow standard rigid rotor plus centrifugal distortion model with known constants.
Invoked to derive the analytic expression for the cubic phase.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5470 in / 1216 out tokens · 23211 ms · 2026-05-08T18:42:56.652612+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

IndisputableMonolith/Cost (J(x) = ½(x+x⁻¹)−1) washburn_uniqueness_aczel unclear

?

unclear
Relation between the paper passage and the cited Recognition theorem.

Φ_shape(ω) = ã(ω−ω₀)² + b̃(ω−ω₀)³ ... b̃ ≅ πnD/(2B⁴)

What do these tags mean?

matches: The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports: The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends: The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses: The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts: The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear: Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

34 extracted references · 34 canonical work pages

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Weichert, C

A. Weichert, C. Riehn, and B. Brutschy, High-Resolution Rotational Coherence Spectroscopy of the Phenol Dimer, J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 5679 (2001)

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T. Den, H. M. Frey, P. M. Felker, and S. Leutwyler, Rotational Constants and Structure of Para -Difluorobenzene Determined by Femtosecond Raman Coherence Spectroscopy: A New Transient Type, J. Chem. Phys. 143, 144306 (2015)

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R. Damari, D. Rosenberg, and S. Fleischer, Coherent Radiative Decay of Molecular Rotations: A Comparative Study of Terahertz-Oriented versus Optically Aligned Molecular Ensembles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 033002 (2017)

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Fleischer, I

S. Fleischer, I. S. Averbukh, and Y. Prior, Isotope-Selective Laser Molecular Alignment, Phys. Rev. A 74, 041403 (2006)

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Rosenberg, R

D. Rosenberg, R. Damari, and S. Fleischer, Echo Spectroscopy in Multilevel Quantum- Mechanical Rotors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 234101 (2018)

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Rosenberg, R

D. Rosenberg, R. Damari, S. Kallush, and S. Fleischer, Rotational Echoes: Rephasing of Centrifugal Distortion in Laser-Induced Molecular Alignment, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 5128 (2017)

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Damari, A

R. Damari, A. Beer, D. Rosenberg, and S. Fleischer, Molecular Orientation Echoes via Concerted Terahertz and Near-IR Excitations, Opt. Express 30, 44464 (2022)

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Karras, E

G. Karras, E. Hertz, F. Billard, B. Lavorel, J.-M. Hartmann, O. Faucher, E. Gershnabel, Y. Prior, and I. S. Averbukh, Orientation and Alignment Echoes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 153601 (2015)

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G. W. Funke and G. Herzberg, On the Rotation-Vibration Spectrum of Acetylene in the Photographic Infrared, Phys. Rev. 49, 100 (1936)

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Herzberg, L -Type Doubling in Linear Polyatomic Molecules, Rev

G. Herzberg, L -Type Doubling in Linear Polyatomic Molecules, Rev. Mod. Phys. 14, 219 (1942)

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H. H. Nielsen, The Vibration-Rotation Energies of Molecules, Rev. Mod. Phys. 23, 90 (1951)

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J. K. G. Watson, L -Type Doubling: Herzberg versus Nielsen, Can. J. Phys. 79, 521 (2001)

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Schröter, J

C. Schröter, J. C. Lee, and T. Schultz, Mass-Correlated Rotational Raman Spectra with High Resolution, Broad Bandwidth, and Absolute Frequency Accuracy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 115, 5072 (2018)

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l-Doubling

K. Rutman Moshe, D. Rosenberg, I. Sternbach, and S. Fleischer, The Manifestations of “l-Doubling” in Gas-Phase Rotational Dynamics, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 15, 12449 (2024)

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Renard, M

V. Renard, M. Renard, S. Guérin, Y. T. Pashayan, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, and H. R. Jauslin, Postpulse Molecular Alignment Measured by a Weak Field Polarization Technique, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 153601 (2003)

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P. Peng, Y. Bai, N. Li, and P. Liu, Measurement of Field-Free Molecular Alignment by Balanced Weak Field Polarization Technique, AIP Adv. 5, 127205 (2015)

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[26]

Rosenberg and S

D. Rosenberg and S. Fleischer, Intrinsic Calibration of Laser-Induced Molecular Alignment Using Rotational Echoes, Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 023351 (2020)

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[27]

Damari, S

R. Damari, S. Kallush, and S. Fleischer, Rotational Control of Asymmetric Molecules: Dipole- versus Polarizability-Driven Rotational Dynamics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 103001 (2016)

work page 2016
[28]

A. M. Weiner, Femtosecond Pulse Shaping Using Spatial Light Modulators, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 1929 (2000)

work page 1929
[29]

J. W. Simmons and W. E. Anderson, Microwave Determination of the Centrifugal Distortion Constants of CH3Cl, CH3Br, CH3I, BrCN, and ICN, Phys. Rev. 80, 338 (1950)

work page 1950
[30]

Hamilton, T

E. Hamilton, T. Seideman, T. Ejdrup, M. D. Poulsen, C. Z. Bisgaard, S. S. Viftrup, and H. Stapelfeldt, Alignment of Symmetric Top Molecules by Short Laser Pulses, Phys. Rev. A 72, 043402 (2005)

work page 2005
[31]

Rosenberg, R

D. Rosenberg, R. Damari, S. Kallush, and S. Fleischer, Rotational Echoes: Rephasing of Centrifugal Distortion in Laser-Induced Molecular Alignment, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, (2017)

work page 2017
[32]

Herzberg and L

G. Herzberg and L. Herzberg, Rotation-Vibration Spectra of Diatomic and Simple Polyatomic Molecules with Long Absorbing PathsXI The Spectrum of Carbon Dioxide (Co_2) below 125μ*, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43, 1037 (1953)

work page 1953
[33]

A. M. Weiner, D. E. Leaird, J. S. Patel, and J. R. Wullert, Programmable Shaping of Femtosecond Optical Pulses by Use of 128-Element Liquid Crystal Phase Modulator, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 908 (1992)

work page 1992
[34]

Vaughan, T

J. Vaughan, T. Feurer, K. Stone, and K. Nelson, Analysis of Replica Pulses in Femtosecond Pulse Shaping with Pixelated Devices, Opt. Express 14, 1314 (2006)

work page 2006

[1] [1]

Huang, H

Y. Huang, H. Chen, G. Liu, and S. Xu, Eliminating Molecular-Alignment Dephasing with a Phase-Modulated Femtosecond Laser Pulse, Phys. Rev. A 107, 053108 (2023)

work page 2023

[2] [2]

P. M. Felker, Rotational Coherence Spectroscopy: Studies of the Geometries of Large Gas-Phase Species by Picosecond Time-Domain Methods, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 7844 (1992)

work page 1992

[3] [3]

P. W. Joireman, L. L. Connell, S. M. Ohline, and P. M. Felker, Characterization of Asymmetry Transients in Rotational Coherence Spectroscopy, J. Chem. Phys. 96, 4118 (1992)

work page 1992

[4] [4]

P. M. Felker, J. S. Baskin, and A. H. Zewail, Rephasing of Collisionless Molecular Rotational Coherence in Large Molecules, J. Phys. Chem 90, 124 (1986)

work page 1986

[5] [5]

Weichert, C

A. Weichert, C. Riehn, and B. Brutschy, High-Resolution Rotational Coherence Spectroscopy of the Phenol Dimer, J. Phys. Chem. A 105, 5679 (2001)

work page 2001

[6] [6]

T. Den, H. M. Frey, P. M. Felker, and S. Leutwyler, Rotational Constants and Structure of Para -Difluorobenzene Determined by Femtosecond Raman Coherence Spectroscopy: A New Transient Type, J. Chem. Phys. 143, 144306 (2015)

work page 2015

[7] [7]

Itatani, J

J. Itatani, J. Levesque, D. Zeidler, H. Niikura, H. Pépin, J. C. Kieffer, P. B. Corkum, and D. M. Villeneuve, Tomographic Imaging of Molecular Orbitals, Nature 432, 867 (2004)

work page 2004

[8] [8]

C. A. Schouder, A. S. Chatterley, J. D. Pickering, and H. Stapelfeldt, Laser-Induced Coulomb Explosion Imaging of Aligned Molecules and Molecular Dimers, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 73, 323 (2022)

work page 2022

[9] [9]

Kierspel et al., X-Ray Diffractive Imaging of Controlled Gas-Phase Molecules: Toward Imaging of Dynamics in the Molecular Frame, J

T. Kierspel et al., X-Ray Diffractive Imaging of Controlled Gas-Phase Molecules: Toward Imaging of Dynamics in the Molecular Frame, J. Chem. Phys. 152, 84307 (2020)

work page 2020

[10] [10]

Z. I. Slawsky and D. M. Dennison, The Centrifugal Distortion of Axial Molecules, J. Chem. Phys. 7, 509 (1939)

work page 1939

[11] [11]

D. S. Kummli, H. M. Frey, and S. Leutwyler, Femtosecond Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing of Carbon Disulfide: High-Accuracy Rotational Constants., J. Chem. Phys. 1241, 144307 (2006)

work page 2006

[12] [12]

Damari, D

R. Damari, D. Rosenberg, and S. Fleischer, Coherent Radiative Decay of Molecular Rotations: A Comparative Study of Terahertz-Oriented versus Optically Aligned Molecular Ensembles, Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 033002 (2017)

work page 2017

[13] [13]

Fleischer, I

S. Fleischer, I. S. Averbukh, and Y. Prior, Isotope-Selective Laser Molecular Alignment, Phys. Rev. A 74, 041403 (2006)

work page 2006

[14] [14]

Rosenberg, R

D. Rosenberg, R. Damari, and S. Fleischer, Echo Spectroscopy in Multilevel Quantum- Mechanical Rotors, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 234101 (2018)

work page 2018

[15] [15]

Rosenberg, R

D. Rosenberg, R. Damari, S. Kallush, and S. Fleischer, Rotational Echoes: Rephasing of Centrifugal Distortion in Laser-Induced Molecular Alignment, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 5128 (2017)

work page 2017

[16] [16]

Damari, A

R. Damari, A. Beer, D. Rosenberg, and S. Fleischer, Molecular Orientation Echoes via Concerted Terahertz and Near-IR Excitations, Opt. Express 30, 44464 (2022)

work page 2022

[17] [17]

Karras, E

G. Karras, E. Hertz, F. Billard, B. Lavorel, J.-M. Hartmann, O. Faucher, E. Gershnabel, Y. Prior, and I. S. Averbukh, Orientation and Alignment Echoes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 153601 (2015)

work page 2015

[18] [18]

G. W. Funke and G. Herzberg, On the Rotation-Vibration Spectrum of Acetylene in the Photographic Infrared, Phys. Rev. 49, 100 (1936)

work page 1936

[19] [19]

Herzberg, L -Type Doubling in Linear Polyatomic Molecules, Rev

G. Herzberg, L -Type Doubling in Linear Polyatomic Molecules, Rev. Mod. Phys. 14, 219 (1942)

work page 1942

[20] [20]

H. H. Nielsen, The Vibration-Rotation Energies of Molecules, Rev. Mod. Phys. 23, 90 (1951)

work page 1951

[21] [21]

J. K. G. Watson, L -Type Doubling: Herzberg versus Nielsen, Can. J. Phys. 79, 521 (2001)

work page 2001

[22] [22]

Schröter, J

C. Schröter, J. C. Lee, and T. Schultz, Mass-Correlated Rotational Raman Spectra with High Resolution, Broad Bandwidth, and Absolute Frequency Accuracy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 115, 5072 (2018)

work page 2018

[23] [23]

l-Doubling

K. Rutman Moshe, D. Rosenberg, I. Sternbach, and S. Fleischer, The Manifestations of “l-Doubling” in Gas-Phase Rotational Dynamics, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 15, 12449 (2024)

work page 2024

[24] [24]

Renard, M

V. Renard, M. Renard, S. Guérin, Y. T. Pashayan, B. Lavorel, O. Faucher, and H. R. Jauslin, Postpulse Molecular Alignment Measured by a Weak Field Polarization Technique, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 153601 (2003)

work page 2003

[25] [25]

P. Peng, Y. Bai, N. Li, and P. Liu, Measurement of Field-Free Molecular Alignment by Balanced Weak Field Polarization Technique, AIP Adv. 5, 127205 (2015)

work page 2015

[26] [26]

Rosenberg and S

D. Rosenberg and S. Fleischer, Intrinsic Calibration of Laser-Induced Molecular Alignment Using Rotational Echoes, Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 023351 (2020)

work page 2020

[27] [27]

Damari, S

R. Damari, S. Kallush, and S. Fleischer, Rotational Control of Asymmetric Molecules: Dipole- versus Polarizability-Driven Rotational Dynamics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 103001 (2016)

work page 2016

[28] [28]

A. M. Weiner, Femtosecond Pulse Shaping Using Spatial Light Modulators, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 1929 (2000)

work page 1929

[29] [29]

J. W. Simmons and W. E. Anderson, Microwave Determination of the Centrifugal Distortion Constants of CH3Cl, CH3Br, CH3I, BrCN, and ICN, Phys. Rev. 80, 338 (1950)

work page 1950

[30] [30]

Hamilton, T

E. Hamilton, T. Seideman, T. Ejdrup, M. D. Poulsen, C. Z. Bisgaard, S. S. Viftrup, and H. Stapelfeldt, Alignment of Symmetric Top Molecules by Short Laser Pulses, Phys. Rev. A 72, 043402 (2005)

work page 2005

[31] [31]

Rosenberg, R

D. Rosenberg, R. Damari, S. Kallush, and S. Fleischer, Rotational Echoes: Rephasing of Centrifugal Distortion in Laser-Induced Molecular Alignment, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, (2017)

work page 2017

[32] [32]

Herzberg and L

G. Herzberg and L. Herzberg, Rotation-Vibration Spectra of Diatomic and Simple Polyatomic Molecules with Long Absorbing PathsXI The Spectrum of Carbon Dioxide (Co_2) below 125μ*, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43, 1037 (1953)

work page 1953

[33] [33]

A. M. Weiner, D. E. Leaird, J. S. Patel, and J. R. Wullert, Programmable Shaping of Femtosecond Optical Pulses by Use of 128-Element Liquid Crystal Phase Modulator, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 908 (1992)

work page 1992

[34] [34]

Vaughan, T

J. Vaughan, T. Feurer, K. Stone, and K. Nelson, Analysis of Replica Pulses in Femtosecond Pulse Shaping with Pixelated Devices, Opt. Express 14, 1314 (2006)

work page 2006