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Agent Planning Benchmark: A Diagnostic Framework for Planning Capabilities in LLM Agents

T0 review · 2 major / 2 minor · reviewed 2026-06-28 · grok-4.3

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Pith's one-line read Agent Planning Benchmark isolates planning skills from execution in LLM agents using 4,209 cases.

desk verdict APB gives a useful planning diagnostic split but the case construction process is not described enough to confirm it isolates planning from artifacts. read the letter →

arxiv 2606.04874 v2 pith:Q6MT36L3 submitted 2026-06-03 cs.CL

Haoyu Sun , Wenxuan Wang , Mingyang Song , Jujie He , Weinan Zhang , Yang Liu , Yang Yang , Yu Cheng This is my paper · ORCID
classification cs.CL
keywords agentplanningLLMagentsbenchmarkdiagnosticevaluationmultimodalcasestoolrobustnessplanrefinementunsolvabletasks
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This paper introduces the Agent Planning Benchmark to measure planning capabilities in LLM agents without mixing them with execution results. The benchmark includes 4,209 multimodal cases in 22 domains and five settings that test holistic planning, step-wise planning with feedback, and robustness to issues like extra or broken tools and impossible tasks. When applied to 12 models, it identifies consistent problems with long-horizon planning, handling tool noise, knowing when to refuse, and improving plans at inference time. Refining plans using insights from the benchmark leads to better performance on other agent benchmarks, suggesting planning is a key separable skill.

What carries the argument

The Agent Planning Benchmark consisting of 4,209 multimodal cases across 22 domains and five settings that test planning in isolation from execution.

What would settle it

Re-authoring the cases with different methods or changing the execution environments so that the reported weaknesses and refinement benefits disappear would falsify the claim that APB isolates planning.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The Agent Planning Benchmark (APB) is a planning-specific diagnostic with 4,209 multimodal cases across 22 domains and five settings covering holistic planning, feedback-conditioned step-wise planning, and robustness under extraneous tools, broken tools, and unsolvable tasks. Across 12 MLLMs it reveals systematic weaknesses in long-horizon planning, tool-noise robustness, calibrated refusal, and inference-time refinement. APB-guided refinement consistently improves plan correctness, plan grade, and downstream execution metrics on 200 ToolSandbox tasks and 200 τ²-bench tasks.

Load-bearing premise

The 4,209 cases and five settings isolate planning ability without being confounded by model-specific execution quirks or by the way the cases were authored and filtered.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • LLM agents exhibit systematic weaknesses in long-horizon planning, tool-noise robustness, calibrated refusal, and inference-time refinement.
  • APB-guided refinement improves plan correctness, plan grade, and downstream execution metrics on validation tasks.
  • APB serves as an upstream diagnostic complement to execution benchmarks.
  • The benchmark validates across ToolSandbox and τ²-bench where refinements transfer to better execution.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Developers of agent systems could run similar planning diagnostics early to target reasoning improvements before full execution testing.
  • Reporting planning metrics separately might shift how agent papers present results and prioritize model changes.
  • If the five settings capture general planning demands, the benchmark could guide training objectives focused on decomposition and refusal.
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Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The paper introduces the Agent Planning Benchmark (APB), a diagnostic framework consisting of 4,209 multimodal cases across 22 domains and five settings (holistic planning, feedback-conditioned step-wise planning, robustness under extraneous/broken tools, and unsolvable tasks). It evaluates 12 MLLMs to identify systematic weaknesses in long-horizon planning, tool-noise robustness, calibrated refusal, and inference-time refinement, then validates APB-guided refinement on 200 ToolSandbox and 200 τ²-bench tasks, reporting consistent gains in plan correctness, plan grade, and downstream execution metrics. The benchmark and code are released publicly.

Significance. If the cases validly isolate planning without confounding from authoring/filtering artifacts or execution quirks, APB would be a useful upstream diagnostic complement to end-to-end agent benchmarks. The public release of the benchmark and code is a clear strength supporting reproducibility. The cross-benchmark validation on 400 external tasks adds practical value, though the absence of statistical controls limits the strength of the refinement claims.

major comments (2)
  1. [§3] §3 (Benchmark Construction and Dataset): The manuscript provides no details on case generation process, filtering criteria, inter-annotator agreement, or controls for execution leakage. This directly undermines the central claim that the 4,209 cases isolate planning ability (decomposition, tool selection, refusal) from model-specific execution quirks or authoring biases, as the validation on external tasks does not address these construction issues.
  2. [§5] Validation experiments (§5): Improvements from APB-guided refinement on the 200+200 external tasks are reported as 'consistent' without error bars, ablation of the refinement method, or statistical significance tests. This weakens support for the claim that APB serves as an effective diagnostic for refinement gains.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states the benchmark covers 'multimodal cases' but does not clarify how visual inputs factor into the planning diagnostics across the five settings.
  2. [Results tables] Table or figure captions for the 12 MLLM results should explicitly note the number of runs or variance if any aggregation is used.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thoughtful review and constructive feedback on the Agent Planning Benchmark paper. We address each major comment point by point below, indicating where revisions will be made to strengthen the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [§3] §3 (Benchmark Construction and Dataset): The manuscript provides no details on case generation process, filtering criteria, inter-annotator agreement, or controls for execution leakage. This directly undermines the central claim that the 4,209 cases isolate planning ability (decomposition, tool selection, refusal) from model-specific execution quirks or authoring biases, as the validation on external tasks does not address these construction issues.

    Authors: We agree that the current §3 lacks sufficient detail on the case generation process, filtering criteria, inter-annotator agreement, and controls for execution leakage, which is necessary to fully support the claim that the cases isolate planning capabilities. In the revised manuscript, we will expand §3 with a dedicated subsection describing the generation pipeline across the 22 domains, specific filtering rules applied to the 4,209 cases, any inter-annotator agreement statistics, and explicit controls (e.g., execution sandboxing or leakage checks) used to minimize authoring biases and execution confounds. While the external validation on ToolSandbox and τ²-bench tasks demonstrates practical utility, we acknowledge it does not substitute for transparent construction documentation. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [§5] Validation experiments (§5): Improvements from APB-guided refinement on the 200+200 external tasks are reported as 'consistent' without error bars, ablation of the refinement method, or statistical significance tests. This weakens support for the claim that APB serves as an effective diagnostic for refinement gains.

    Authors: We agree that reporting improvements as 'consistent' without error bars, ablations, or statistical tests limits the strength of the refinement claims in §5. In the revised manuscript, we will update the validation experiments to include error bars (e.g., standard error across runs), ablation studies isolating components of the APB-guided refinement method, and statistical significance tests (such as paired t-tests) on the reported gains in plan correctness, plan grade, and execution metrics across the 400 external tasks. These additions will provide more rigorous support for APB as a diagnostic tool. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No circularity: benchmark construction and evaluation contain no derivation chain or fitted predictions

full rationale

The paper introduces APB as a diagnostic benchmark with 4209 cases across settings and validates refinement gains on external tasks (ToolSandbox, τ²-bench). No equations, parameter fitting, predictions, or uniqueness theorems appear; the central claims rest on empirical case construction and model testing rather than any self-referential reduction. Self-citations, if present, are not load-bearing for the benchmark's validity. This matches the default non-circular outcome for test-set papers.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 1 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The paper introduces a new benchmark rather than deriving a result from prior equations, so the ledger contains no fitted parameters or invented physical entities. The main unstated premises are that the authored cases validly measure planning and that the five settings do not introduce new confounds.

assumptions (1)
  • domain assumption The 4209 cases across 22 domains and five settings isolate planning capability from execution capability.
    Stated in the abstract as the motivation for creating a planning-specific diagnostic; no validation details given.

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Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Agent Planning Benchmark: A Diagnostic Framework for Planning Capabilities in LLM Agents." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/Q6MT36L3

@misc{pith2026260604874,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Agent Planning Benchmark: A Diagnostic Framework for Planning Capabilities in LLM Agents},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/Q6MT36L3}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2606.04874}
}
abstract

Planning is central to LLM agents: before acting, an agent must decompose goals, select tools, reason over constraints, and decide when a task is infeasible. Yet existing agent evaluations often report only end-to-end success, making it difficult to determine whether failures stem from planning or execution. We introduce Agent Planning Benchmark (APB), a planning-specific diagnostic benchmark with 4,209 multimodal cases across 22 domains and five settings, covering holistic planning, feedback-conditioned step-wise planning, and robustness under extraneous tools, broken tools, and unsolvable tasks. Across 12 MLLMs, APB reveals systematic weaknesses in long-horizon planning, tool-noise robustness, calibrated refusal, and inference-time refinement. We further validate APB on 200 ToolSandbox tasks and 200 $\tau^2$-bench tasks, where APB-guided refinement consistently improves plan correctness, plan grade, and downstream execution metrics across three representative models. APB thus serves as an upstream diagnostic complement to execution benchmarks. The APB benchmark and code are available in \href{https://github.com/Mikivishy/AgentPlanningBenchmark}{this URL}.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.04874 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Systematic limitations in existing agent plan [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p001_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Overview of APB. The framework comprises: (A) Data Construction: A pipeline for synthesizing complex planning instances via evolution and filtering. (B) Planning Protocols: Holistic and feedback-conditioned step-wise tasks for evaluating planning logic. (C) LLM-as-Judge: Automated logic-based assessment providing a comprehensive error taxonomy. (D) Task Categories: Five complementary tasks for comprehensive assessme… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Comparative error distributions across plan [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (55 more)
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Step-wise Planning performance across vary [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_5.png]
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Step-wise Planning performance across differ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_6.png]
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: Data augmentation prompt for transforming simple queries into complex, multi-step planning tasks with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_7.png]
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Pseudo-code for the rule-based verification [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_8.png]
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Task reasonability check prompt, validating both query realism and tool appropriateness for synthesized [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_9.png]
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Trajectory logic validation prompt with E1 to E6 error taxonomy for auditing coherence and validity of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_10.png]
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Step-wise to Holistic extraction prompt for distilling high-level planning strategies and tool chains from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_11.png]
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Extraneous tool generation prompt for synthesizing semantically relevant but functionally inert distractor [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_12.png]
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Broken tool substitution prompt for generating functional replacements with distinct nomenclature to [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_13.png]
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Information missing construction prompt for reformulating queries to depend on inaccessible private [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_14.png]
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Constraint conflict construction prompt for introducing constraints that invalidate standard operational [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_15.png]
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Tool removal construction prompt for creating logical deadlocks by eliminating critical tools while [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_16.png]
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Visual missing construction logic for programmatically removing visual data to test agent detection of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_17.png]
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: Efficiency-aware tool bank generation prompt for creating cost-annotated tools with composite (efficient) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_18.png]
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: GTA augmentation example: transforming a simple visual identification task into a multi-step financial [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_19.png]
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: GAIA augmentation example: expanding a single-entity statistical query into multi-journal comparative [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_20.png]
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: ToolBench augmentation example: transforming a simple weather query into comprehensive event [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_21.png]
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: FrameThinker augmentation example: converting a multiple-choice visual question into systematic [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_22.png]
Figure 23
Figure 23. Figure 23: Data transformation example: converting step-wise trajectory into descriptive [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_23.png]
Figure 24
Figure 24. Figure 24: Tool-broken case study from ToolBench: agent recovery from [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_24.png]
Figure 25
Figure 25. Figure 25: Tool extraneous case study: agent must avoid semantically related but task-irrelevant distractor tools [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_25.png]
Figure 26
Figure 26. Figure 26: Unsolvable scenario examples: tasks blocked by external constraints (service outage), missing information [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_26.png]
Figure 27
Figure 27. Figure 27: Efficiency-aware planning case study: tool bank with original tools, cost-efficient composite alternatives, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_27.png]
Figure 28
Figure 28. Figure 28: One-step planning inference prompt: instructing the model to predict the immediate next action based on [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_28.png]
Figure 29
Figure 29. Figure 29: Two-step planning inference prompt: requiring prediction of two consecutive actions without intermediate [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_29.png]
Figure 30
Figure 30. Figure 30: Three-step planning inference prompt: challenging the model to plan a sequence of three actions in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p028_30.png]
Figure 31
Figure 31. Figure 31: Standardized evaluation template serving as the foundational structure for judge-based assessment with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_31.png]
Figure 32
Figure 32. Figure 32: Error definitions framework: six distinct error categories (E1 to E6) for rigorous and granular error [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_32.png]
Figure 33
Figure 33. Figure 33: Scoring rubric and evaluation principles: structured grading scale from 0.0 to 1.0 based on error severity [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p031_33.png]
Figure 34
Figure 34. Figure 34: Holistic planning prediction prompt for generating comprehensive end-to-end plans without intermediate [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p032_34.png]
Figure 35
Figure 35. Figure 35: Holistic planning evaluation prompt for assessing functional viability and logical soundness of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p033_35.png]
Figure 36
Figure 36. Figure 36: Tool-broken evaluation prompt for classifying agent responses into five behavioral categories (Replace [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_36.png]
Figure 37
Figure 37. Figure 37: Step-wise tool-extraneous prediction prompt: introducing semantically relevant distractor tools to test [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p034_37.png]
Figure 38
Figure 38. Figure 38: Holistic tool-extraneous prediction prompt: introducing semantically relevant distractor tools to test [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p035_38.png]
Figure 39
Figure 39. Figure 39: Step-wise tool-extraneous evaluation prompt: strictly penalizing utilization of any distractor tool as a [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p035_39.png]
Figure 40
Figure 40. Figure 40: Holistic tool-extraneous evaluation prompt: strictly penalizing utilization of any distractor tool in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p035_40.png]
Figure 41
Figure 41. Figure 41: Evaluation prompts for unsolvable tasks: guiding the judge model to evaluate whether the agent correctly [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p036_41.png]
Figure 42
Figure 42. Figure 42: Step-wise refinement reflection prompt. Blue text appears only in the “w/ Metric” setting, providing structured error definitions. 36 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p036_42.png]
Figure 43
Figure 43. Figure 43: Holistic refinement reflection prompt. Blue text defines specific error metrics for holistic settings (e.g., Data Access Violation). • Query is Solvable: The query can be fully solved by the tools. • Cost Efficiency: Each tool has a specific cost. You MUST prioritize …
Figure 44
Figure 44. Figure 44: Representative augmented query examples: complex multi-step planning tasks across different datasets. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p041_44.png]
Figure 45
Figure 45. Figure 45: Correct step-wise planning: model accurately identifies the next action in the planning sequence. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p041_45.png]
Figure 46
Figure 46. Figure 46: Incorrect step-wise planning: model applies overly aggressive batching strategy, deviating from expected [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_46.png]
Figure 47
Figure 47. Figure 47: Correct holistic planning: model generates complete, valid plan with correct tool dependencies. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_47.png]
Figure 48
Figure 48. Figure 48: Incorrect holistic planning: model exhibits logical flaw by failing to propagate intermediate calculation [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_48.png]
Figure 49
Figure 49. Figure 49: Five typical agent behaviors when encountering tool failure: examples from GAIA, GTA, and ToolBench [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_49.png]
Figure 50
Figure 50. Figure 50: Step-wise tool-extraneous impact: correct prediction without distractors fails when irrelevant tools are [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p044_50.png]
Figure 51
Figure 51. Figure 51: Holistic tool-extraneous impact: models can be misled by semantically relevant but explicitly forbidden [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p044_51.png]
Figure 52
Figure 52. Figure 52: Step-wise refinement degradation: critic-suggested “efficiency” shortcut causes model to skip necessary [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p046_52.png]
Figure 53
Figure 53. Figure 53: Holistic refinement improvement: model identifies specific UI interaction errors (single vs. double click) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p046_53.png]
Figure 54
Figure 54. Figure 54: Contradictory Constraints unsolvable task: model must identify when a mandatory tool is offline or [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p047_54.png]
Figure 55
Figure 55. Figure 55: Information Missing unsolvable task: model must detect absence of critical information (e.g., email [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p048_55.png]
Figure 56
Figure 56. Figure 56: Tool Removal unsolvable task: model must recognize when a necessary tool (e.g., OCR) has been [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p049_56.png]
Figure 57
Figure 57. Figure 57: Visual Information Inaccessible unsolvable task: model must refuse when required visual input (e.g., [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p050_57.png]
Figure 58
Figure 58. Figure 58: Error category distribution across models. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p050_58.png]
Figure 59
Figure 59. Figure 59: Multi-dimensional error analysis across models. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p050_59.png]

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Forward citations

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Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

44 extracted references · 4 canonical work pages · cited by 1 Pith paper

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    WebArena: A Realistic Web Environment for Building Autonomous Agents

    Webarena: A realistic web environment for building autonomous agents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.13854. Appendix Overview This appendix presents supplementary materials organized into eight sections: • Appendix A: Comparison with Existing Bench- marks. Compares APB with existing agent benchmarks across key dimensions. • Appendix B: Data Construction and Fi...

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  5. [5]

    Simulate a complete reasoning and execution trajectory that solves the query

  6. [6]

    Ensure each assistant step contains concise reasoning ("thought") and EXACTLY ONE tool call

  7. [7]

    Include realistic tool outputs as tool steps

  8. [8]

    End with a final assistant step calling the Finish function (or providing the final answer)

Show all 44 references
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    Does [X]. Parameters: ’param1’ (string, required) - . . . Returns . . . Notes:

    Collect all tools used (including pre-existing and newly created ones) and output them with complete, generic descriptions. CRITICAL: Tool Calling Constraints • Each assistant turn MUST call EXACTLY ONE tool (not zero, not multiple). • ALL tool calls MUST succeed and return va...

    2023

  2. [10]

    I first analyzed

    introduces constraints that invalidate standard methods. • Tool Removal:TheTool Removal Construc- tion Prompt(Figure 16) eliminates critical tools and mandates their use. • Visual Information Inaccessible:TheVisual Information Inaccessible Construction Logic (Figure 17) progra...

  3. [11]

    - DO NOT just add suffixes like ‘_v2’, ‘_new’, ‘_alt’, ‘_1’, etc

    The new tool MUST have a COMPLETELY DIFFERENT name. - DO NOT just add suffixes like ‘_v2’, ‘_new’, ‘_alt’, ‘_1’, etc. - DO NOT just add prefixes like ‘new_’, ‘my_’, etc. - Use synonyms or different phrasing (e.g., if original is ‘find_hotels’, use ‘search_accommodation’ or ‘qu...

  4. [12]

    The functionality MUST be identical (same inputs/outputs logic), but you SHOULD vary parameter names slightly if possible to make it look like a different library

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    Return ONLY the JSON definition of the new tool

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    tool_name

    If the original tool used “tool_name”, the new tool MUST also use “tool_name”. If it used “name”, use “name”. Figure 13: Broken tool substitution prompt for generating functional replacements with distinct nomenclature to simulate tool failures. Information Missing Constructio...

    2020

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    First, I would obtain the exact sunset time

    Synthesized Plan:"I planned to approach this comprehensive dinner planning task by systematically gathering all required data in logical sequence. First, I would obtain the exact sunset time... Next, I would establish baseline weather conditions... then progressively build con...

  8. [16]

    (Sequence of 14 tools) Figure 23: Data transformation example: converting step-wise trajectory into descriptivePlanwith extractedTool Chainfor holistic planning ground truth

    Extracted Tool Chain: •get_sunset_time •weather_report •get_5_day_forecast •view_16_day_forecast •calculate_solar_position •... (Sequence of 14 tools) Figure 23: Data transformation example: converting step-wise trajectory into descriptivePlanwith extractedTool Chainfor holist...

    2024

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    filter by date

    Contradictory Constraints:Query:"Open your store on the Steam Store homepage... filter by date... save as default preference... Note that due to GDCR compliance requirements, all preference-saving operations must be verified through the SessionAuthValidator tool... The Session...

  10. [18]

    Missing Information:Query:"Update twitter profile: add the bio prefix that I mentioned in our phone call earlier before the current bio, and change the location to the city code from the company’s regional office list." (The specific bio prefix and city code are not provided i...

  11. [19]

    Please search for the nearest open pizza place... All interface interactions must be executed through registered interaction handlers

    Tool Removal:Query:"Please search for the nearest open pizza place... All interface interactions must be executed through registered interaction handlers..."Available Tools:["moveto", "dragto", "write", "press", "hotkey", "scroll"](The criticalclicktool is removed)

  12. [20]

    Please search for the nearest open pizza place to my home on Google Maps

    Visual Information Inaccessible:Query:"Please search for the nearest open pizza place to my home on Google Maps..."Visual Context: [] (The necessary screenshot/visual interface is not provided). Figure 26: Unsolvable scenario examples: tasks blocked by external constraints (se...

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    •Check:Does the predicted step align with the main query objective? Does it follow the logical progression established by previous steps? •Examples:

    E1_GOAL_MISALIGNMENT: •Definition:The next step deviates from or contradicts the current goal based on the query and previous steps. •Check:Does the predicted step align with the main query objective? Does it follow the logical progression established by previous steps? •Examples:

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    •Check:Are all required sub-tasks completed? Does the step try to answer before gathering all necessary information? •Examples:

    E2_PREMATURE_CONCLUSION: •Definition:The next step attempts to conclude or output results when necessary intermediate steps are still missing. •Check:Are all required sub-tasks completed? Does the step try to answer before gathering all necessary information? •Examples:

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    •Check:Does the step respect all specified constraints (time range, data source, format, method, etc.)? Does it follow the required output structure? •Examples:

    E3_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION: •Definition:The next step violates an explicit constraint from the query, previous steps, or the required output format. •Check:Does the step respect all specified constraints (time range, data source, format, method, etc.)? Does it follow the required...

  16. [24]

    •Check:Does the step use non-existent data? Does it ignore already-obtained data? Is the reasoning flow logical? •Examples:

    E4_LOGIC_ERROR: • Definition:The next step has logical flaws OR POTENTIAL logical risks - it requires data/results that haven’t been obtained yet, ignores available data from previous steps, or the reasoning flow is illogical or risky. •Check:Does the step use non-existent dat...

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    •Check:Does the tool call match the tool’s specification? Are parameter types correct? Are required parameters present? •Examples:

    E5_TOOL_USE_ERROR: • Definition:The next step misuses (or POTENTIALLY misuses) a tool’s function or passes incorrect parametersaccording to the tool’s actual specification in the Available Tools list. •Check:Does the tool call match the tool’s specification? Are parameter type...

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    optimal" or

    E6_HALLUCINATION_ERROR: •Definition:The next step calls a non-existent tool or references non-existent data. •Check:Does every tool called exist in the Available Tools list? Are tool names spelled exactly correctly? •Examples:... Figure 32: Error definitions framework: six dis...

  19. [27]

    plan" (string) and

    Structure Definition: •Root:An object with "plan" (string) and "tool_chain" (list). •‘plan‘:A high-level, natural-language summary of your strategy. •‘tool_chain‘:Alistof "Tool Call" objects

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    name": (string) The exact name of the tool to be called. •

    Tool Call Object Rules: •Each object in the ‘tool_chain‘ listmusthave 3 keys: •"name": (string) The exact name of the tool to be called. •"parameter_description": (object) The parameter_description for the tool. •"reason": (string) An explanation ofwhythis tool is being called...

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    parameter_description

    parameter_description Rules (Most Important): •Inside the"parameter_description"object, youMUSTdescribe the parameter values conceptually to show you understand the data flow. •For static values (from the query):Use the actual value (e.g.,"target": "girl character"). • For dyn...

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    E1_GOAL_UNDERSTANDING: •Fundamentally misunderstands the user query’s core intent.(dataset-specific examples vary)

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    E2_TASK_COMPLETENESS: •Fails to plan for all required sub-tasks of a multi-part query.(dataset-specific examples vary)

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    E3_CONSTRAINT_VIOLATION: •The plan violates an explicit constraint from the user query or the task-specific system prompt.(dataset-specific examples vary)

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    E4_LOGICAL_DEFECT: • The logical reasoning in the plan doesn’t match; execution steps lack key premises, assumptions, or conditions; or there are circular arguments making the query unsolvable.(dataset-specific examples vary)

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    E5_TOOL_USE_ERROR: •The plan misunderstands a tool’s function or its required data type.(dataset-specific examples vary)

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    On the right track

    E6_HALLUCINATION_ERROR: • The plan calls a non-existent tool, outputs factual errors contrary to common sense, or uses results not yet available at the current step.(dataset-specific examples vary) Grading Scale: •1.0 (Correct):All errors are 0. Plan is logically sound and sol...

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    Analyze this UI,

    Visual Information Inaccessible Judge PromptYou are an expert Evaluator assessing thePlanning Capabilityof an AI Agent under adversarial conditions. The Test Scenario:The user has submitted a query thatfundamentally requires visual perception(e.g., "Analyze this UI," "Count th...

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    is_correct

    Tool Removal Judge PromptYou are an expert Evaluator assessing an AI Agent’s ability todetect impossible tasksdue to missing capabilities. The Test Scenario:The task requires a capability strictly REMOVED from the available tools. Available Tools List (Ground Truth):{available...

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    is_correct

    Contradictory Constraints Judge PromptYou are an expert Evaluator judging an AI Agent’s adherence toSTRICT COMPLIANCE CON- STRAINTS. The Test Scenario:The User Query contains a Mandatory Compliance Requirement, but the compliant tools are NOT available. Evaluation Criteria: •P...

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    the price we discussed

    Information Missing Judge PromptYou are an expert Evaluator judging an AI Agent’s response to a task whereCRITICAL INFORMATION IS MISSING. The Test Scenario:The User Query refers to private context (e.g., "the price we discussed") inaccessible to the Agent. Evaluation Criteria...

    2020

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    I want to buy a PS5 for each child in the photo. I need to know the exact total cost including sales tax (8.5%)

    Used Designated Replacement Tool •Task (GTA):“I want to buy a PS5 for each child in the photo. I need to know the exact total cost including sales tax (8.5%)...” •Broken Tool:Calculator→Replacement:MathematicalExpressionEvaluator •Model Response:“The Calculator tool failed. I ...

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    I need to analyze Apple’s stock performance across multiple milestones. First, find when Apple stock first crossed $50

    Retried Broken Tool •Task (GAIA):“I need to analyze Apple’s stock performance across multiple milestones. First, find when Apple stock first crossed $50...” •Broken Tool:SearchEngine→Replacement:WebQueryInterface •Model Response:“I will search for Apple stock milestones.”→Call...

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    Can you explain this meme and help me understand its cultural context?

    Used Alternative Tool (Not Designated) •Task (GTA):“Can you explain this meme and help me understand its cultural context?...” •Broken Tool:MemeCategorizationEngine→Replacement:ViralContentTaxonomyAnalyzer •Model Response:Used a different available tool instead of the designat...

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    I’m starting a new technology consulting company and need to find suitable office space in San Francisco’s Financial District

    Refused Task • Task (ToolBench):“I’m starting a new technology consulting company and need to find suitable office space in San Francisco’s Financial District...” •Broken Tool:CommercialRealEstateSearch •Model Response:“I am unable to complete this task due to the tool being u...

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    I’m dining at this beachfront restaurant and need a detailed expense breakdown

    Other •Task (GTA):“I’m dining at this beachfront restaurant and need a detailed expense breakdown...” •Broken Tool:ReceiptAnalyzer •Model Response:Proceeded with partial information or produced an invalid response format. Figure 49: Five typical agent behaviors when encounteri...

    2017

Pith tools

Reviewed June 28, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.