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Gravitational Waves from Q-ball Formation
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Submitted 18 Dec 2009
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim We find that there is a finite but small parameter region where such GWs may be detected by future detectors such as DECIGO or BBO, only in the case when the thermal logarithmic potential dominates the potential of the AD field.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
We study the detectability of the gravitational waves (GWs) from the Q-ball formation associated with the Affleck-Dine (AD) mechanism, taking into account both of the dilution effect due to Q-ball domination and of finite temperature effects. The AD mechanism predicts the formation of non-topological solitons, Q-balls, from which GWs are generated. Q-balls with large conserved charge $Q$ can produce a large amount of GWs. On the other hand, the decay rate of such Q-balls is so small that they may dominate the energy density of the universe, which implies that GWs are significantly diluted and that their frequencies are redshifted during Q-ball dominated era. Thus, the detectability of the GWs associated with the formation of Q-balls is determined by these two competing effects. We find that there is a finite but small parameter region where such GWs may be detected by future detectors such as DECIGO or BBO, only in the case when the thermal logarithmic potential dominates the potential of the AD field. Otherwise GWs from Q-balls would not be detectable even by these futuristic detectors: $\Omega_{\rm GW}^0<10^{-21}$. Unfortunately, for such parameter region the present baryon asymmetry of the universe can hardly be explained unless one fine-tunes A-terms in the potential. However the detection of such a GW background may give us an information about the early universe, for example, it may suggest that the flat directions with $B-L=0$ are favored.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | We study the detectability of the gravitational waves (GWs) from the Q-ball formation associated with the Affleck-Dine (AD) mechanism, taking into account both of the dilution effect due to Q-ball domination and of finite temperature effects. | contribution 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.05 | asserted 0.82 |
| s1 | The AD mechanism predicts the formation of non-topological solitons, Q-balls, from which GWs are generated. | background 1.00 | 0.07 | 0.03 | asserted 1.00 |
| s2 | Q-balls with large conserved charge $Q$ can produce a large amount of GWs. | background 0.98 | 0.13 | 0.03 | asserted 0.71 |
| s3 | On the other hand, the decay rate of such Q-balls is so small that they may dominate the energy density of the universe, which implies that GWs are significantly diluted and that their frequencies are redshifted during Q-ball dominated era. | background 0.80 | 0.21 | 0.05 | hedged possibility 0.90 |
| s4 | Thus, the detectability of the GWs associated with the formation of Q-balls is determined by these two competing effects. | background 0.47 | 0.18 | 0.08 | asserted 1.00 |
| s5 | We find that there is a finite but small parameter region where such GWs may be detected by future detectors such as DECIGO or BBO, only in the case when the thermal logarithmic potential dominates the potential of the AD field. | result 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.79 | asserted 0.53 |
| s6 | Otherwise GWs from Q-balls would not be detectable even by these futuristic detectors: $\Omega_{\rm GW}^0<10^{-21}$. | result 0.99 | 0.89 | 0.32 | asserted 0.99 |
| s7 | Unfortunately, for such parameter region the present baryon asymmetry of the universe can hardly be explained unless one fine-tunes A-terms in the potential. | limitation 0.73 | 0.62 | 0.09 | asserted 0.68 |
| s8 | However the detection of such a GW background may give us an information about the early universe, for example, it may suggest that the flat directions with $B-L=0$ are favored. | interpretation 1.00 | 0.19 | 0.06 | hedged possibility 1.00 |
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The paper
Original abstract
We study the detectability of the gravitational waves (GWs) from the Q-ball formation associated with the Affleck-Dine (AD) mechanism, taking into account both of the dilution effect due to Q-ball domination and of finite temperature effects. The AD mechanism predicts the formation of non-topological solitons, Q-balls, from which GWs are generated. Q-balls with large conserved charge $Q$ can produce a large amount of GWs. On the other hand, the decay rate of such Q-balls is so small that they may dominate the energy density of the universe, which implies that GWs are significantly diluted and that their frequencies are redshifted during Q-ball dominated era. Thus, the detectability of the GWs associated with the formation of Q-balls is determined by these two competing effects. We find that there is a finite but small parameter region where such GWs may be detected by future detectors such as DECIGO or BBO, only in the case when the thermal logarithmic potential dominates the potential of the AD field. Otherwise GWs from Q-balls would not be detectable even by these futuristic detectors: $\Omega_{\rm GW}^0<10^{-21}$. Unfortunately, for such parameter region the present baryon asymmetry of the universe can hardly be explained unless one fine-tunes A-terms in the potential. However the detection of such a GW background may give us an information about the early universe, for example, it may suggest that the flat directions with $B-L=0$ are favored.
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References
How the literature uses it
18 arXiv papers cite this in 35 sentences
Papers citing it · 27 sentences without a confident label
Compares with it 1 paper
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In the case of the gauge-mediated SUSY breaking mechanism, we find that the decay rate of the $Q$ ball may be much smaller than the estimate in Ref. [ref] , which, in turn, leads to a smaller amplitude of GWs.
Fate of thermal log type Q balls · Late time behavior of the $Q$ ball · 0.87
Cites it as support 1 paper
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This is an obstacle in light of GW detection because it has been shown that GWs are diluted by the existence of Q-ball dominated era [ref] .
Gravitational wave signals from short-lived topological defects in the MSSM · Summary and Conclusions · 0.97
Cites it as background 4 papers
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For thorough analysis, see Ref. [ref] .]
Formation of the Q ball in the thermal logarithmic potential and its properties · Transformation of Q-ball types · 0.96
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One of the immediate consequences of the gravitational soliton decay is the formation of cosmic graviton background with a characteristic frequency spectrum.[Gravitational waves from the density perturbation during the formation of solitons such as oscillons [ref] and Q-balls [ref] have been studied.
Quantum decay of scalar and vector boson stars and oscillons into gravitons · Graviton background · 0.96
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In principle, one may need to be concerned with the formation of Q-balls in the context of gauge mediation symmetry breaking and the Affleck-Dine mechanism [ref] .
Supersymmetric Partially Interacting Dark Matter · Asymmetry generation · 0.92
What it cites · 36 sentences without a confident label
Contests 1 paper
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In Refs. [ref] , in order to avoid the large dilution by the $Q$-ball dominance, $Q$-balls are assumed to decay quickly by some artificial effects, which are unnatural in the context of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM).
Gravitational waves from fragmentation of a primordial scalar condensate into Q-balls · Introduction · contest 0.72
Uses the method or tool of 2 papers
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We evaluate the initial amplitudes and frequencies of the GWs from the $Q$-ball formation, by using the equations for the transverse-traceless (TT) component of the metric perturbations, following Refs. [ref] .
A Gravitational Wave Background from Reheating after Hybrid Inflation · Generation of GWs · 1.00
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We evaluate the initial amplitudes and frequencies of the GWs from the $Q$-ball formation, by using the equations for the transverse-traceless (TT) component of the metric perturbations, following Refs. [ref] .
Gravitational waves from fragmentation of a primordial scalar condensate into Q-balls · Generation of GWs · 1.00
Uses data or values from 3 papers
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Then, the baryon/lepton charge stored in a $Q$-ball is estimated as [equation] where $ϵ̅$ is related to the ellipticity of the orbit of the AD field, $ϵ$, as $ϵ̅=ϵ$ for $ϵ> 0.06$ and $ϵ̅=0.06$ for $ϵ< 0.06$, and $β≃6×10^-4$ [ref] .
Q-ball formation: Obstacle to Affleck-Dine baryogenesis in the gauge-mediated SUSY breaking ? · $Q$-ball formation · 0.95
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The diffusion rate is given by [equation] Here a numerical factor $a_diff$ is estimated as $a_diff=4-6$ for quarks and squarks [ref] , and $a_diff=100-380$ for leptons and sleptons [ref] .
Non-local Electroweak Baryogenesis Part I : Thin Wall Regime · charge evaporation from $Q$-balls · 0.99
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The diffusion rate is given by [equation] Here a numerical factor $a_diff$ is estimated as $a_diff=4-6$ for quarks and squarks [ref] , and $a_diff=100-380$ for leptons and sleptons [ref] .
Diffusion and Decoherence of Squarks and Quarks During the Electroweak Phase Transition · charge evaporation from $Q$-balls · 0.99
Cites as support 3 papers
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In fact, it is confirmed numerically that fluctuations develop and go nonlinear to form $Q$-balls [ref] .
Q-ball formation in the gravity-mediated SUSY breaking scenario · $Q$-ball formation · 0.96
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In fact, it is confirmed numerically that fluctuations develop and go nonlinear to form $Q$-balls [ref] .
Q-ball formation: Obstacle to Affleck-Dine baryogenesis in the gauge-mediated SUSY breaking ? · $Q$-ball formation · 0.96
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In fact, it is confirmed numerically that fluctuations develop and go nonlinear to form $Q$-balls [ref] .
Q-ball Formation through Affleck-Dine Mechanism · $Q$-ball formation · 0.96
Cites as background 16 papers
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When thermal (logarithmic) effects [ref] dominate the effective potential, the formed $Q$-balls, called thermal log type [ref] , have an interesting property.
Q-ball formation: Obstacle to Affleck-Dine baryogenesis in the gauge-mediated SUSY breaking ? · Introduction · 0.89
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When thermal (logarithmic) effects [ref] dominate the effective potential, the formed $Q$-balls, called thermal log type [ref] , have an interesting property.
Some Issues in Flat Direction Baryogenesis · Introduction · 0.89
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The properties of the Affleck-Dine mechanism [ref] and the subsequent formation of $Q$-balls depend on the supersymmetry (SUSY) breaking mechanism [ref] .
Solitons in the supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model · Introduction · 0.98
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