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A Primer on Energy Conditions
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A Primer on Energy Conditions
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An energy condition, in the context of a wide class of spacetime theories (including general relativity), is, crudely speaking, a relation one demands the stress-energy tensor of matter satisfy in order to try to capture the idea that "energy should be positive". The remarkable fact I will discuss in this paper is that such simple, general, almost trivial seeming propositions have profound and far-reaching import for our understanding of the structure of relativistic spacetimes. It is therefore especially surprising when one also learns that we have no clear understanding of the nature of these conditions, what theoretical status they have with respect to fundamental physics, what epistemic status they may have, when we should and should not expect them to be satisfied, and even in many cases how they and their consequences should be interpreted physically. Or so I shall argue, by a detailed analysis of the technical and conceptual character of all the standard conditions used in physics today, including examination of their consequences and the circumstances in which they are believed to be violated.
Forward citations
Cited by 15 Pith papers
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Obstructions to Minimal Regular Black Hole Cosmologies
Obstructions from matching conditions and completeness theorems prevent minimal regular black hole models from hosting unbounded FRW daughter cosmologies.
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Families of regular spacetimes and energy conditions
A classification of admissible energy density profiles with bounded Kretschmann scalar produces families of regular static spherically symmetric spacetimes in GR, including new closed-form solutions involving hypergeo...
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Families of regular spacetimes and energy conditions
A classification of admissible energy density profiles with bounded Kretschmann scalar yields a unified framework for regular static spherically symmetric spacetimes satisfying the weak energy condition, recovering kn...
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Defocusing dark energy: Raychaudhuri diagnostics beyond $w<-1/3$ and the phantom divide
For sign-changing effective dark energy, smooth negative-to-positive density crossings make ρ+3p and ρ+p the correct diagnostics, give w=p/ρ a universal pole n(1+z†)/3, and force repulsion onset z_rep>z† while ρ<0.
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Galactic dark matter halos: From anisotropic fluids in general relativity to Horava-Lifshitz gravity
A GR Hamiltonian deformation produces an anisotropic fluid that cannot flatten rotation curves, while Horava-Lifshitz produces the right dark-matter scaling only for an imposed power-law LTB ansatz with tight paramete...
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Morse-Bott inequalities, Topology Change and Cobordisms to Nothing
Morse-Bott inequalities yield homology bounds and topology-change counts for generic cobordisms to nothing in string theory compactifications.
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Boson Stars in Teleparallel Gravity with a Nonminimally Coupled Field: The Violation of Energy Conditions and Gravitational Waveforms from EMRIs
Boson stars in teleparallel gravity with nonminimal coupling show negative energy density and energy-condition violation in excited states, with EMRI waveforms potentially detectable by LISA.
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Obstructions to Minimal Regular Black Hole Cosmologies
A minimal FRW 'daughter universe' matched without a shell to an asymptotically flat regular black hole is either bounded (closed) or geodesically incomplete (flat/open), so a regular core alone cannot supply a viable ...
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Obstructions to Minimal Regular Black Hole Cosmologies
No-shell FRW daughters matched to asymptotically flat regular black holes are bounded if closed and past-incomplete if flat or open; a regular core alone cannot yield a viable daughter cosmology.
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Does Eternal Inflation Violate the Smeared Null Energy Condition?
In canonical single-field eternal inflation, stochastic upward fluctuations do not violate the SNEC within the semiclassical slow-roll regime due to parametrically bounded drift and a strong timescale hierarchy N_SNEC ≫ N_BR.
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Energy conditions in static, spherically symmetric spacetimes and effective geometries
A constructive algorithm yields NEC-obeying static spherical metrics with g_tt g_rr = -1, including a log-corrected Schwarzschild geometry that can mimic black holes.
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Energy conditions in static, spherically symmetric spacetimes and effective geometries
A logarithmic correction to Schwarzschild in static spherical symmetry obeys all classical energy conditions and serves as an effective exterior for horizon-bearing and horizonless compact objects.
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Energy conditions of bouncing solutions in quadratic curvature gravity coupled with a scalar field
Bouncing solutions in quadratic curvature gravity with a scalar field satisfy null, weak, and dominant energy conditions but violate the strong one when using the scalar-field energy-momentum tensor, while all four co...
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Gravitational Waves from Primordial Black Holes formed by Null Energy Condition Violation during Inflation
A transient null-energy-condition violation during inflation is shown to produce a four-component gravitational-wave background — primordial, scalar-induced, PBH ringdown, and binary-merger — with only the solar-mass ...
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Bouncing Cosmology in Interacting Scalar-Torsion Gravity
Two interacting scalar-torsion models are shown, by tuned numerical construction, to host a matter bounce with phantom equation of state and NEC violation at the bounce epoch.
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