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Counting Rules of Nambu-Goldstone Modes

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arxiv 1904.00569 v2 pith:UG6EJFR3 submitted 2019-04-01 cond-mat.other cond-mat.quant-gashep-phhep-thphysics.atom-ph

classification cond-mat.othercond-mat.quant-gashep-phhep-thphysics.atom-ph
keywords ngmsbrokensymmetrysystemsbreakingcondensedmattermodes
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When global continuous symmetries are spontaneously broken, there appear gapless collective excitations called Nambu-Goldstone modes (NGMs) that govern the low-energy property of the system. The application of this famous theorem ranges from high-energy, particle physics to condensed matter and atomic physics. When a symmetry breaking occurs in systems that lack the Lorentz invariance to start with, as is usually the case in condensed matter systems, the number of resulting NGMs can be fewer than that of broken symmetry generators, and the dispersion of NGMs is not necessarily linear. In this article, we review recently established formulas for NGMs associated with broken internal symmetries that work equally for relativistic and nonrelativistic systems. We also discuss complexities of NGMs originating from space-time symmetry breaking. In the process we cover many illuminating examples from various context. We also present a complementary point of view from the Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorem.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Sp(4,Z) actions on 3d U(1)^2 symmetric theories: Order-five duality and bilayer quantum Hall hierarchies

    hep-th 2026-07 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

    An order-five Sp(4,Z) duality acts projectively on 3d U(1)^2 theories, and its hierarchy operations generate candidate bilayer quantum Hall states at 3/8+3/8 and 5/12+5/12.

  2. Characterizing gapped phases by smeared boundary conformal field theories: Duality in unusual ordering with spontaneously broken generalized symmetries

    hep-th 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    Gapped phases dual to massless RG flows in 2D CFTs exhibit unusual ordering via spontaneous breaking of non-group-like symmetries and are characterized using smeared boundary CFTs applied to smeared Ishibashi states.

  3. Symmetry TFTs for Continuous Spacetime Symmetries

    hep-th 2025-09 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    Continuous spacetime symmetries can be encoded in a (d+1)-dimensional BF/Chern-Simons topological field theory, whose boundary reproduces symmetry generators, symmetry breaking, and anomalies.

  4. An Introduction to Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

    hep-th 2019-09 accept novelty 1.0 of 10

    A comprehensive review that frames spontaneous symmetry breaking through singular limits and stable broken-symmetry states, suitable for graduate teaching.

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