Certifying the Classical Simulation Cost of a Quantum Channel

A fundamental objective in quantum information science is to determine the cost in classical resources of simulating a particular quantum system. The classical simulation cost is quantified by the signaling dimension which specifies the minimum amount of classical communication needed to perfectly simulate a channel's input-output correlations when unlimited shared randomness is held between encoder and decoder. This paper provides a collection of device-independent tests that place lower and upper bounds on the signaling dimension of a channel. Among them, a single family of tests is shown to determine when a noisy classical channel can be simulated using an amount of communication strictly less than either its input or its output alphabet size. In addition, a family of eight Bell inequalities is presented that completely characterize when any four-outcome measurement channel, such as a Bell measurement, can be simulated using one communication bit and shared randomness. Finally, we bound the signaling dimension for all partial replacer channels in $d$ dimensions. The bounds are found to be tight for the special case of the erasure channel.