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Determination of shear forces inside the proton

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arxiv 2104.02031 v2 pith:TE24OPNG submitted 2021-04-05 nucl-ex hep-exhep-lathep-phnucl-th

classification nucl-exhep-exhep-lathep-phnucl-th
keywords forcesprotonshearcenterdeterminationforceinsideapproximately
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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We report on the first determination of the shear forces quarks inside the proton from experimental data on deeply virtual Compton scattering. The maximum shear force of approximately 40 MeV/fm occurs near 0.6 fm from the proton center, indicating where confinement forces may be strongest. On the macroscopic scale of the earth surface, this force corresponds to the weight of a mass of about 650 kg. The shear forces in the proton reverse direction at r = 0.45 fm from the center.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Quantum stress and torsion distributions in the deuteron

    nucl-th 2026-02 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    First complete non-relativistic impulse-approximation calculation of all eleven deuteron EMT form factors, including non-conserved c-bar and s-bar form factors that map to force and torsion distributions inside the nucleons.

  2. Reconstruction of Gravitational Form Factors using Generative Machine Learning

    hep-ph 2026-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A diffusion model trained on synthetic physics-motivated curves reconstructs the proton's A(t), J(t), D(t) from sparse data, extracting c8=-4.6±0.8, c9=-0.61±0.19, and D(0)=-4.3±0.8.

  3. Gravitational form factors of the nucleon in the Skyrme model based on scale-invariant chiral perturbation theory

    hep-ph 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A Skyrme model with a dilaton field attributes the proton's negative internal pressure and confining force to the gluonic scale anomaly, and reproduces the lattice QCD D(t) form factor.

  4. Mechanical properties of the $\Omega^-$ baryon from gravitational form factors

    hep-ph 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Using QCD sum rules, the authors extract seven gravitational form factors of the Omega baryon and derive its internal energy, angular momentum, pressure, shear, radii, and D-terms.

  5. Mechanical properties of the proton from a deformed AdS holographic model

    hep-ph 2025-11 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A deformed AdS holographic model with a Dirac proton computes the gluon gravitational form factor A in good agreement with lattice QCD after normalizing the zero point, but the D-term and derived pressure/shear distri...

  6. Flavor decomposition of the gravitational form factors and mechanical structure of the proton

    hep-ph 2026-07 conditional novelty 2.0 of 10

    In the chiral quark-soliton model the up quark dominates proton mass and spin while the strange quark contributes sizably to the D-term, with twist-4 terms required for mechanical stability.

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