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Applications of the close-limit approximation: horizonless compact objects and scalar fields
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Submitted 22 Apr 2021
abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
The authors' main claim Notably, our results indicate that observables obtained through perturbation theory may be extended to a significant segment of the merger phase, where in principle only a numerical approach is appropriate.
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The abstract, sentence by sentence
The ability to model the evolution of compact binaries from the inspiral to coalescence is central to gravitational wave astronomy. Current waveform catalogues are built from vacuum binary black hole models, by evolving Einstein equations numerically and complementing them with knowledge from slow-motion expansions. Much less is known about the coalescence process in the presence of matter, or in theories other than General Relativity. Here, we explore the Close Limit Approximation as a powerful tool to understand the coalescence process in general setups. In particular, we study the head-on collision of two equal-mass, compact but horizonless objects. Our results show the appearance of ``echoes'' and indicate that a significant fraction of the merger energy goes into these late-time repetitions. We also apply the Close Limit Approximation to investigate the effect of colliding black holes on surrounding scalar fields. Notably, our results indicate that observables obtained through perturbation theory may be extended to a significant segment of the merger phase, where in principle only a numerical approach is appropriate.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | The ability to model the evolution of compact binaries from the inspiral to coalescence is central to gravitational wave astronomy. | background 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.02 | asserted 1.00 |
| s1 | Current waveform catalogues are built from vacuum binary black hole models, by evolving Einstein equations numerically and complementing them with knowledge from slow-motion expansions. | background 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.02 | asserted 1.00 |
| s2 | Much less is known about the coalescence process in the presence of matter, or in theories other than General Relativity. | gap 1.00 | 0.04 | 0.02 | asserted 1.00 |
| s3 | Here, we explore the Close Limit Approximation as a powerful tool to understand the coalescence process in general setups. | contribution 0.90 | 0.66 | 0.05 | asserted 0.90 |
| s4 | In particular, we study the head-on collision of two equal-mass, compact but horizonless objects. | contribution 0.98 | 0.61 | 0.04 | asserted 0.92 |
| s5 | Our results show the appearance of ``echoes'' and indicate that a significant fraction of the merger energy goes into these late-time repetitions. | result 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.52 | hedged possibility 0.52 |
| s6 | We also apply the Close Limit Approximation to investigate the effect of colliding black holes on surrounding scalar fields. | contribution 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.05 | asserted 0.85 |
| s7 | Notably, our results indicate that observables obtained through perturbation theory may be extended to a significant segment of the merger phase, where in principle only a numerical approach is appropriate. | interpretation 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.30 | hedged possibility 0.98 |
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The paper
Original abstract
The ability to model the evolution of compact binaries from the inspiral to coalescence is central to gravitational wave astronomy. Current waveform catalogues are built from vacuum binary black hole models, by evolving Einstein equations numerically and complementing them with knowledge from slow-motion expansions. Much less is known about the coalescence process in the presence of matter, or in theories other than General Relativity. Here, we explore the Close Limit Approximation as a powerful tool to understand the coalescence process in general setups. In particular, we study the head-on collision of two equal-mass, compact but horizonless objects. Our results show the appearance of ``echoes'' and indicate that a significant fraction of the merger energy goes into these late-time repetitions. We also apply the Close Limit Approximation to investigate the effect of colliding black holes on surrounding scalar fields. Notably, our results indicate that observables obtained through perturbation theory may be extended to a significant segment of the merger phase, where in principle only a numerical approach is appropriate.
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References
How the literature uses it
12 arXiv papers cite this in 25 sentences
Papers citing it · 13 sentences without a confident label
Uses its method or tool 2 papers
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The CLAP formalism of BBHs in GR succeeded to consistently describe such configurations [ref] , and we will use this approximation in what follows.
Challenging theories of gravitation: dark matter, compact objects and gravitational waves · Binary black hole background · 0.90
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This perturbative method was used to find the ringdown waveforms produced by the head-on collision of BHs binaries in GR, and it was recently generalized to less standard scenarios [ref] .
CLAP for modified gravity: scalar instabilities in binary black hole spacetimes · Introduction · 0.97
Compares with it 1 paper
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Another possible avenue for future work is to apply our calculations to head-on collisions and compare the echo waveform with the results in Ref. [ref] .
Gravitational-wave echoes from numerical-relativity waveforms via space-time construction near merging compact objects · CONCLUSION · 0.83
Cites it as background 5 papers
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For such scenario, we refer the interested reader to Ref. [ref] .
CLAP for modified gravity: scalar instabilities in binary black hole spacetimes · Introduction · 0.93
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Broadly, efforts have been devoted to understanding the ringdown of various classes of black hole mimickers [ref] , computing waveforms and templates [ref] , determining detection prospects with GW detectors [ref] , and searching for burst-like emissions in the GW data following known binary coalescence events [ref] (see Ref. [ref] for a review).
Nonlinear treatment of a black hole mimicker ringdown · Introduction · 0.99
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[450]This part is based on Refs. [ref] PART: Aspects of gravitational-wave generation and propagation
Challenging theories of gravitation: dark matter, compact objects and gravitational waves · Conclusions · 0.86
What it cites · 85 sentences without a confident label
Builds on 3 papers
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This is a significant result in that it extends and complements other past perturbative calculations [ref] .
Is the gravitational-wave ringdown a probe of the event horizon? · Conclusions and outlook · 0.93
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This is a significant result in that it extends and complements other past perturbative calculations [ref] .
Echoes of ECOs: gravitational-wave signatures of exotic compact objects and of quantum corrections at the horizon scale · Conclusions and outlook · 0.93
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This is a significant result in that it extends and complements other past perturbative calculations [ref] .
Testing the nature of dark compact objects: a status report · Conclusions and outlook · 0.93
Uses the method or tool of 12 papers
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A possible way to circumvent the above problem is to use an alternative approach, in particular the close-limit approximation (CLAP) [ref] .
Inspiralling black holes: the close limit · Introduction · 0.87
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A possible way to circumvent the above problem is to use an alternative approach, in particular the close-limit approximation (CLAP) [ref] .
The Close-Limit Approximation for Black Hole Binaries with Post-Newtonian Initial Conditions · Introduction · 0.87
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A possible way to circumvent the above problem is to use an alternative approach, in particular the close-limit approximation (CLAP) [ref] .
Black hole collisions from Brill-Lindquist initial data: predictions of perturbation theory · Introduction · 0.87
Compares with 2 papers
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We have solved Eq. [ref] using two different approaches (see Appendix [ref] for details), reproducing in both cases the results in the literature for head-on BBH collisions with the CLAP approach [ref] .
Colliding Black Holes: The Close Limit · Perturbations and their time evolution · 0.90
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In the particular case of a thin-shell wormhole described above, most of the radiation is in fact contained in such modes: the energy spectrum shows clear peaks at such quasinormal frequencies, which are in excellent agreement with the spectral findings of Ref. [ref] .
Is the gravitational-wave ringdown a probe of the event horizon? · Results of the numerical integration · 0.99
Cites as background 35 papers
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These processes are now well understood: the inspiral part is modeled using slow-motion expansions [ref] , the merger through fully non-linear numerical simulations (the so-called “numerical relativity” (NR)) [ref] , and the ringdown of the final object is modeled using spacetime perturbation theory [ref] .
Quasi-Normal Modes and Gravitational Wave Astronomy · Introduction · 0.84
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These processes are now well understood: the inspiral part is modeled using slow-motion expansions [ref] , the merger through fully non-linear numerical simulations (the so-called “numerical relativity” (NR)) [ref] , and the ringdown of the final object is modeled using spacetime perturbation theory [ref] .
Quasinormal modes of black holes and black branes · Introduction · 0.84
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These processes are now well understood: the inspiral part is modeled using slow-motion expansions [ref] , the merger through fully non-linear numerical simulations (the so-called “numerical relativity” (NR)) [ref] , and the ringdown of the final object is modeled using spacetime perturbation theory [ref] .
Simulations of non-equal mass black hole binaries with spectral methods · Introduction · 0.84
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