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The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider
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The Muon Puzzle in cosmic-ray induced air showers and its connection to the Large Hadron Collider
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High-energy cosmic rays are observed indirectly by detecting the extensive air showers initiated in Earth's atmosphere. The interpretation of these observations relies on accurate models of air shower physics, which is a challenge and an opportunity to test QCD under extreme conditions. Air showers are hadronic cascades, which eventually decay into muons. The muon number is a key observable to infer the mass composition of cosmic rays. Air shower simulations with state-of-the-art QCD models show a significant muon deficit with respect to measurements; this is called the Muon Puzzle. The origin of this discrepancy has been traced to the composition of secondary particles in hadronic interactions. The muon discrepancy starts at the TeV scale, which suggests that this change in hadron composition is observable at the Large Hadron Collider. An effect that can potentially explain the puzzle has been discovered at the LHC, but needs to be confirmed for forward produced hadrons with LHCb, and with future data on oxygen beams.
Forward citations
Cited by 5 Pith papers
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First Measurement of the Muon Neutrino Interaction Cross Section and Flux as a Function of Energy at the LHC with FASER
First differential measurement of muon neutrino-nucleon cross section and flux in six TeV-scale energy bins using FASER at the LHC, with results consistent with Standard Model expectations.
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Measurement of charged-particle production in $\sqrt{s_\text{NN}}=9.62$ TeV proton-oxygen collisions as a probe of cosmic-ray air showers with the ATLAS detector
ATLAS measured charged-particle production in 9.62 TeV p-O collisions, yielding a fiducial pO cross section of 396 mb and extrapolated p-air inelastic cross section of 406 mb, with distributions an order of magnitude ...
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Readdressing the contribution of photonuclear reactions to the muon content of extensive air showers: a heuristic approach
A new heuristic estimates photonuclear reactions' contribution to muon numbers in extensive air showers with roughly 10% absolute error over wide parameter ranges.
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Letter of Intent: The Forward Physics Facility
Proposes construction of the Forward Physics Facility at the HL-LHC with four complementary detectors to exploit forward neutrinos and new-particle fluxes for neutrino, QCD, astroparticle, and dark-matter measurements.
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