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Quantum minimal surfaces from quantum error correction

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arxiv 2109.14618 v3 pith:NQAMOC2F submitted 2021-09-29 hep-th quant-ph

classification hep-thquant-ph
keywords quantumcodesbulkdefinitionreconstructioncorrectionerrorlogical
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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We show that complementary state-specific reconstruction of logical (bulk) operators is equivalent to the existence of a quantum minimal surface prescription for physical (boundary) entropies. This significantly generalizes both sides of an equivalence previously shown by Harlow; in particular, we do not require the entanglement wedge to be the same for all states in the code space. In developing this theorem, we construct an emergent bulk geometry for general quantum codes, defining "areas" associated to arbitrary logical subsystems, and argue that this definition is "functionally unique." We also formalize a definition of bulk reconstruction that we call "state-specific product unitary" reconstruction. This definition captures the quantum error correction (QEC) properties present in holographic codes and has potential independent interest as a very broad generalization of QEC; it includes most traditional versions of QEC as special cases. Our results extend to approximate codes, and even to the "non-isometric codes" that seem to describe the interior of a black hole at late times.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Observer complementarity for black holes and holography

    hep-th 2025-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    The authors show that the observer rule of Harlow, Usatyuk, and Zhao yields a self-consistent black hole complementarity for both partially and fully evaporated black holes.

  2. An apologia for islands

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    Entanglement islands and Page curves can arise in massless gravity without an external bath, and compactly supported gauge-invariant operators exist in islands around generic symmetry-breaking black hole backgrounds.

  3. Certified boundary-magic witness for state-dependent proto-area in a holographic code

    hep-th 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.5 of 10

    Only matter-controlled bond motion yields state-dependent proto-area in a four-qubit holographic code, and a projected stabilizer-Rényi quadratic witness certifies it while total magic does not.

  4. The Baby Universe is Fine and the CFT Knows It: On Holography for Closed Universes

    hep-th 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A closed universe in AdS/CFT is not ruled out by recent SWAP-test arguments; the one-dimensional Hilbert space seen from the CFT is external indistinguishability, and CFT data can reconstruct the closed universe's geometry.

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