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Gravitational Waves from Domain Walls in Pulsar Timing Array Datasets
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abstract
We present a model-independent search for the gravitational wave background from cosmic domain walls (DWs) in the NANOGrav 12.5 years dataset and International PTA Data Release 2. DWs that annihilate at temperatures $\sim 20-50~\text{MeV}$ with tensions $\sim (40-100~\text{TeV})^3$ provide as good a fit to both datasets as the astrophysical background from supermassive black hole mergers. DWs may decay into the Standard Model (SM) or a dark sector. In the latter case we predict an abundance $\Delta N_{\text{eff}}$ of dark radiation well within the reach of upcoming CMB surveys. Complementary signatures at colliders and laboratories can arise if couplings to the SM are present. As an example, we discuss heavy axion scenarios, where DW annihilation may interestingly be induced by QCD confinement.
Forward citations
Cited by 9 Pith papers
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Outcomes of Grand Unified Symmetry Breaking
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A nonzero theta angle weakens supercooling in SU(Nc) Yang-Mills confinement and makes any resulting domain-wall gravitational-wave signal invisible except under severe fine-tuning.
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Biased Domain Wall Networks and their Gravitational Waves
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Primordial Black Hole from Tensor-induced Density Fluctuation: First-order Phase Transitions and Domain Walls
Tensor perturbations from FOPT and domain-wall sources are claimed to induce second-order scalar perturbations large enough to form primordial black holes, potentially all of the dark matter.
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Searching Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Landscape Across Frequency Bands
A hybrid cosmic string–domain wall model can fit the NANOGrav 15-year signal, and its high-frequency tail lies within LISA's projected reach, making the interpretation testable.
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Beyond the Daisy Chain: Running and the 3D EFT View of Supercooled Phase Transitions
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Electroweak instantons alone do not produce Majoron domain walls; a tiny instanton mass from B+L breaking is cosmologically negligible and can act as a bias or dark energy.
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An SKAO PTA with ~174 millisecond pulsars can dominate nanohertz GW sensitivity within four years and enable continuous-wave detections plus anisotropy maps of the gravitational-wave background.
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