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Gravitational Waves and Primordial Black Hole Productions from Gluodynamics by Holography
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abstract
Understanding the nature of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) matter is important but challenging due to the presence of non-perturbative dynamics under extreme conditions. We construct a holographic model describing the gluon sector of QCD at finite temperatures in the non-perturbative regime. The equation of state as a function of temperature is in good accordance with the lattice QCD data. Moreover, the Polyakov loop and the gluon condensation, which are proper order parameters to capture the deconfinement phase transition, also agree quantitatively well with the lattice QCD data. We obtain a strong first-order confinement/deconfinement phase transition at $T_c=276.5\,\text{MeV}$ that is consistent with the lattice QCD prediction. Based on our model for a pure gluon hidden sector, we compute the stochastic gravitational waves and primordial black hole (PBH) productions from this confinement/deconfinement phase transition in the early Universe. The resulting stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds are found to be within detectability in the International Pulsar Timing Array and Square Kilometre Array in the near future when the associated productions of PBHs saturate the current observational bounds on the PBH abundances from the LIGO-Virgo-Collaboration O3 data.
Forward citations
Cited by 6 Pith papers
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A Chromomagnetic Mechanism for the Rotational Phase Transition of Gluonic Matter
Using a rotation–magnetic holographic dictionary calibrated to lattice QCD, the paper predicts real rotation raises T_c and induces a negative total moment of inertia in pure gluonic matter near deconfinement.
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Flavor-Dependent QCD Critical Endpoint and Dual-Channel Fluctuations from Multi-Charge Holography
A multi-charge holographic QCD model predicts coherent baryon- and charge-fluctuation peaks at sqrt(s_NN) ≈ 5-7 GeV, marking the QCD critical endpoint.
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Numerical simulations of primordial black hole formation via delayed first-order phase transitions
Spherically symmetric numerical relativity shows false-vacuum domains from delayed first-order phase transitions form type B (baby-universe) or type A (direct-collapse) primordial black holes, separated by a robust t_...
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Gravitational waves from holographic first-order QCD phase transition with magnetic field
In holographic QCD models, a stronger external magnetic field shifts the gravitational-wave peak from the first-order confinement transition to lower frequencies, with signals potentially visible to IPTA and SKA.
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Phase transition of hot dense QCD Matter from a refined holographic EMD model
A holographic EMD model calibrated to lattice QCD predicts a kappa sigma squared peak at 3 to 5 GeV in heavy-ion collisions, provided the chemical freeze-out curve avoids the first-order transition line.
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Comparative study of the butterfly velocity in holographic QCD models at finite temperature and chemical potential
Using three independent holographic methods, the authors obtain matching butterfly velocities for four QCD-like models and find a universal increase with temperature and decrease with chemical potential.
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