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Cygnus X-3 revealed as a Galactic ultraluminous X-ray source by IXPE

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arxiv 2303.01174 v2 pith:OLEQHE2Q submitted 2023-03-02 astro-ph.HE astro-ph.SR

Cygnus X-3 revealed as a Galactic ultraluminous X-ray source by IXPE

Alexandra Veledina , Fabio Muleri , Juri Poutanen , Jakub Podgorn\'y , Michal Dov\v{c}iak , Fiamma Capitanio , Eugene Churazov , Alessandra De Rosa
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Alessandro Di Marco Sofia Forsblom Philip Kaaret Henric Krawczynski Fabio La Monaca Vladislav Loktev Alexander A. Lutovinov Sergey V. Molkov Alexander A. Mushtukov Ajay Ratheesh Nicole Rodriguez Cavero James F. Steiner Rashid A. Sunyaev Sergey S. Tsygankov Andrzej A. Zdziarski Stefano Bianchi Joe S. Bright Nikolaj Bursov Enrico Costa Elise Egron Javier A. Garcia David A. Green Mark Gurwell Adam Ingram Jari J. E. Kajava Ruta Kale Alex Kraus Denys Malyshev Fr\'ed\'eric Marin Giorgio Matt Michael McCollough Ilia A. Mereminskiy Nikolaj Nizhelsky Giovanni Piano Maura Pilia Carlotta Pittori Ramprasad Rao Simona Righini Paolo Soffitta Anton Shevchenko Jiri Svoboda Francesco Tombesi Sergei Trushkin Peter Tsybulev Francesco Ursini Martin C. Weisskopf Kinwah Wu Iv\'an Agudo Lucio A. Antonelli Matteo Bachetti Luca Baldini Wayne H. Baumgartner Ronaldo Bellazzini Stephen D. Bongiorno Raffaella Bonino Alessandro Brez Niccol\`o Bucciantini Simone Castellano Elisabetta Cavazzuti Chien-Ting Chen Stefano Ciprini Ettore Del Monte Laura Di Gesu Niccol\`o Di Lalla Immacolata Donnarumma Victor Doroshenko Steven R. Ehlert Teruaki Enoto Yuri Evangelista Sergio Fabiani Riccardo Ferrazzoli Shuichi Gunji Kiyoshi Hayashida Jeremy Heyl Wataru Iwakiri Svetlana G. Jorstad Vladimir Karas Fabian Kislat Takao Kitaguchi Jeffery J. Kolodziejczak Luca Latronico Ioannis Liodakis Simone Maldera Alberto Manfreda Andrea Marinucci Alan P. Marscher Herman L. Marshall Francesco Massaro Ikuyuki Mitsuishi Tsunefumi Mizuno Michela Negro Chi-Yung Ng Stephen L. O'Dell Nicola Omodei Chiara Oppedisano Alessandro Papitto George G. Pavlov Abel L. Peirson Matteo Perri Melissa Pesce-Rollins Pierre-Olivier Petrucci Andrea Possenti Simonetta Puccetti Brian D. Ramsey John Rankin Oliver Roberts Roger W. Romani Carmelo Sgr\`o Patrick Slane Gloria Spandre Doug Swartz Toru Tamagawa Fabrizio Tavecchio Roberto Taverna Yuzuru Tawara Allyn F. Tennant Nicholas E. Thomas Alessio Trois Roberto Turolla Jacco Vink Fei Xie Silvia Zane
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classification astro-ph.HE astro-ph.SR
keywords x-rayaccretionluminosityoutflowangleapparentbeamingbinary
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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The accretion of matter by compact objects can be inhibited by radiation pressure if the luminosity exceeds the critical value, known as the Eddington limit. Discovery of ultraluminous X-ray sources has shown that accretion can proceed even when the apparent luminosity significantly exceeds this limit. High apparent luminosity might be produced thanks to geometric beaming of the radiation by an outflow. The outflow half-opening angle, which determines the amplification due to beaming, has never been robustly constrained. Using the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer, we made the measurement of X-ray polarization in the Galactic X-ray binary Cyg X-3. We find high, over 20%, nearly energy-independent linear polarization, orthogonal to the direction of the radio ejections. These properties unambiguously indicate the presence of a collimating outflow in the X-ray binary Cyg~X-3 and constrain its half-opening angle, <15 degrees. Thus, the source can be used as a laboratory for studying the super-critical accretion regime. This finding underscores the importance of X-ray polarimetry in advancing our understanding of accreting sources.

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Forward citations

Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Cygnus X-3: A variable petaelectronvolt gamma-ray source

    astro-ph.HE 2025-12 conditional novelty 8.0

    Cygnus X-3 produces variable gamma rays up to 3.7 PeV, consistent with photomeson production in its relativistic jet requiring protons accelerated to tens of PeV.

  2. Peering through the dip: IXPE unveils the extended scattering environment of GX 13+1

    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0

    During the periodic dip of GX 13+1, X-ray polarization rises to 9.1%±1.1% and rotates by ~60° relative to the off-dip state, consistent with scattering in an oblate corona or disk wind.

  3. Unchanged X-Ray Polarization During Accretion Dips in the Low Hard State of Cygnus X-1

    astro-ph.HE 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0

    During Cygnus X-1 accretion dips the 2–8 keV polarization is unchanged within errors, indicating the absorbed disk does not contribute and supporting an extended oblate corona.

  4. Proof of Concept Measurements of Laterally Graded Multilayers for Soft X-ray Spectropolarimetry

    astro-ph.IM 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0

    Cr/Sc and W/B4C laterally graded multilayer mirrors modulate soft X-ray reflection with polarization angle, showing ~100% modulation at Brewster angle and ~80% at 30° incidence.

  5. Astrophysical X-Ray Polarization

    astro-ph.HE 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 1.0

    Reviews mechanisms generating polarized X-rays in high-energy astrophysics and the detectors for measuring polarization fraction and angle.

  6. Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer

    astro-ph.IM 2026-07 unverdicted

    IXPE, launched in December 2021, is the first dedicated imaging X-ray polarimetry observatory and has measured X-ray polarization for about 110 cosmic sources.