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Running vacuum in the Universe: phenomenological status in light of the latest observations, and its impact on the $\sigma_8$ and $H_0$ tensions

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arxiv 2304.11157 v3 pith:IHAIY6RB submitted 2023-04-21 astro-ph.CO gr-qchep-ph

classification astro-ph.COgr-qchep-ph
keywords vacuumrunninglambdatensionscosmologicalparticulardynamicalimpact
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

A substantial body of phenomenological and theoretical work over the last few years strengthens the possibility that the vacuum energy density (VED) of the universe is dynamical, and in particular that it adopts the `running vacuum model' (RVM) form, in which the VED evolves mildly as $\delta \rho_{\rm vac}(H)\sim \nu_{\rm eff} m_{\rm Pl}^2{\cal O}\left(H^2\right)$, where $H$ is the Hubble rate and $\nu_{\rm eff}$ is a (small) free parameter. This dynamical scenario is grounded on recent studies of quantum field theory (QFT) in curved spacetime and also on string theory. It turns out that what we call the `cosmological constant', $\Lambda$, is no longer a rigid parameter but the nearly sustained value of $8\pi G(H)\rho_{\rm vac}(H)$ around (any) given epoch $H(t)$, where $G(H)$ is the gravitational coupling, which can also be very mildly running (logarithmically). Of particular interest is the possibility suggested in past works that such a running may help to cure the cosmological tensions afflicting the $\Lambda$CDM. In the current study, we reanalyze it in full and we find it becomes further buttressed. Using the modern cosmological data, namely a compilation of the latest $SNIa+BAO+$H(z)$+LSS+CMB$ observations, we probe to which extent the RVM provides a quality fit better than the concordance $\Lambda$CDM model, paying particular emphasis on its impact on the $\sigma_8$ and $H_0$ tensions. We utilize the Einstein-Boltzmann system solver $CLASS$ and the Monte Carlo sampler $MontePython$ for the statistical analysis, as well as the statistical $DIC$ criterion to compare the running vacuum against the rigid vacuum ($\nu_{\rm eff} = 0$). We show that with a tiny amount of vacuum dynamics ($|\nu_{\rm eff}|\ll 1$) the global fit can improve significantly with respect to the $\Lambda$CDM and the mentioned tensions may subside to inconspicuous levels.

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Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. The Vacuum Displacement Principle: Theoretical Framework and Local Phenomenology

    gr-qc 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    A vacuum scalar field with spontaneous symmetry breaking and matter coupling generates Yukawa-corrected gravity that accounts for flat galactic rotation curves and dynamically tracks the cosmological constant.

  2. Towards a unified quantum field theory of dark energy and inflation: unstable de Sitter vacuum and running vacuum

    gr-qc 2026-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    The vacuum energy of quantum fields, computed exactly in de Sitter spacetime and then allowed to decay into radiation, can drive H^4-powered inflation and leave a slowly running dark energy δρ_vac ~ m_Pl^2 H^2, unifyi...

  3. BAO miscalibration cannot rescue late-time solutions to the Hubble tension

    astro-ph.CO 2025-10 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

    Even after rescaling BAO data to prefer H0≈73 km/s/Mpc, none of six tested late-time dark-energy models can resolve the Hubble tension once unanchored SNeIa and CMB geometry are included.

  4. Dynamical-System analysis of single-axion monodromy inflation with periodically-modulated potentials

    gr-qc 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    For single-axion potentials of the form Λ0^3 b + Λ1^4 cos(b/fb), the paper classifies the fixed points of the Friedmann-Klein-Gordon dynamics into stable nodes/spirals, saddles, and a bifurcation at |γ/δ|=1.

  5. Hubble tension: a short review of theoretical explanations

    astro-ph.CO 2026-07 accept novelty 4.0 of 10

    A comprehensive review finds no theoretical Hubble-tension solution yet passes all consistency tests; new early-dark-energy chains reach high H0 only when the SH0ES calibration is added.

  6. An overview of what current data can (and cannot yet) say about evolving dark energy

    astro-ph.CO 2025-02 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    The apparent preference for evolving dark energy depends strongly on which supernova catalog and which BAO survey are used, and is not robust across all independent data combinations.

  7. Running Vacuum in the expanding Universe: a unified QFT paradigm for Inflation and Dark Energy

    gr-qc 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 3.0 of 10

    The running vacuum model derives dynamical vacuum energy from QFT in curved spacetime, using H^4 terms for inflation and H^2 terms for dark energy while G evolves logarithmically.

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