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Understanding Addition in Transformers

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arxiv 2310.13121 v9 pith:YQJY37MY submitted 2023-10-19 cs.LG cs.AI

classification cs.LGcs.AI
keywords modelunderstandingadditiondigitsfindingsmodelstransformertransformers
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Understanding the inner workings of machine learning models like Transformers is vital for their safe and ethical use. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of a one-layer Transformer model trained to perform n-digit integer addition. Our findings suggest that the model dissects the task into parallel streams dedicated to individual digits, employing varied algorithms tailored to different positions within the digits. Furthermore, we identify a rare scenario characterized by high loss, which we explain. By thoroughly elucidating the model's algorithm, we provide new insights into its functioning. These findings are validated through rigorous testing and mathematical modeling, thereby contributing to the broader fields of model understanding and interpretability. Our approach opens the door for analyzing more complex tasks and multi-layer Transformer models.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Path Channels and Plan Extension Kernels: a Mechanistic Description of Planning in a Sokoban RNN

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  2. Pretraining Curricula Enable Selective Fine-tuning

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    Imbalanced pretraining curricula disentangle task circuits in transformers, improving in-context learning and the selectivity of refusal fine-tuning relative to balanced training.

  3. Explaining and Tuning Transformer-based LLMs in Arithmetic Tasks with Human Strategies

    cs.LG 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A small transformer learns addition, multiplication, and division by mastering simple digit subtasks first, and human teaching strategies lift its arithmetic accuracy to ~100%.

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    Adding information-gain-selected virtual views refined by video diffusion priors to 3D Gaussian Splatting improves arbitrary-view rendering quality.

  5. Extrapolation by Association: Length Generalization Transfer in Transformers

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    Length generalization on a short-trained main task can be inherited from a longer-trained related auxiliary task trained jointly with it.

  6. Learning Euler Factors of Elliptic Curves

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