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Optimizing watermarks for large language models

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arxiv 2312.17295 v1 pith:O35VJC4M submitted 2023-12-28 cs.CR cs.AIcs.CL

classification cs.CRcs.AIcs.CL
keywords watermarkslargelanguagellmsmodelstrade-offapproachaspect
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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With the rise of large language models (LLMs) and concerns about potential misuse, watermarks for generative LLMs have recently attracted much attention. An important aspect of such watermarks is the trade-off between their identifiability and their impact on the quality of the generated text. This paper introduces a systematic approach to this trade-off in terms of a multi-objective optimization problem. For a large class of robust, efficient watermarks, the associated Pareto optimal solutions are identified and shown to outperform the currently default watermark.

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Cited by 2 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. SAMark: A Self-Anchored Text Watermarking with Paragraph-Level Paraphrase Robustness

    cs.CR 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.5 of 10

    SAMark uses self-anchored semantic green regions, multi-channel hyperbolic scoring, and diversity-aware filtering to reach 90.2% TP@FP1% detection under paragraph paraphrasing while preserving text quality.

  2. Autoregressive Images Watermarking through Lexical Biasing: An Approach Resistant to Regeneration Attack

    cs.CR 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    LBW embeds watermarks into autoregressive image token maps by biasing token sampling toward a secret green list and detects them with a z-test on green-token counts.

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