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Understanding Gravitational Form Factors with the Weizs\"acker-Williams Method
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abstract
Understanding the internal structure of nucleons and nuclei has been a topic of enduring interest in high-energy physics. Gravitational form factors (GFFs) provide an important portal for us to probe the energy-momentum/mass distribution of nucleons and nuclei. This letter presents the study of the photon and gluon momentum GFFs, also known as the A-GFFs, of relativistic hadrons using the Weizs\"acker-Williams method. To begin, we express the photon A-GFFs in terms of charge form factors and discuss the corresponding photon radius. Furthermore, an integral relation between the gluon A-GFF and the Laplacian of dipole scattering amplitude is derived in the small-$x$ framework, and it allows us to unravel the gluon energy momentum distribution inside hadrons through measurements at the upcoming Electron-Ion Collider. In addition, we generalize the analysis to study the A-GFF of nuclei and propose employing the nuclear gluon mean square radius, together with the charge distribution, to constrain the neutron distribution for large nuclei. This work provides an interesting perspective into the fundamental structure of high-energy hadrons.
Forward citations
Cited by 4 Pith papers
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Sub-eikonal stress and model dependence of the small-$x$ gluon D-term
The gluon D-term at small x is a next-to-eikonal stress observable whose sign is not determined by the dipole or saturation profile.
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Mass radius and D-term of atomic nuclei in relativistic mean field theory
D-term of nuclei exhibits kinks at magic neutron numbers, showing strong sensitivity of mechanical properties to shell structure.
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Sub-eikonal stress and model dependence of the small-$x$ gluon D-term
The small-x gluon D-term is a next-to-eikonal stress probe and is not fixed by the leading-eikonal dipole or saturation profile alone.
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Mechanical properties of the $\Omega^-$ baryon from gravitational form factors
Using QCD sum rules, the authors extract seven gravitational form factors of the Omega baryon and derive its internal energy, angular momentum, pressure, shear, radii, and D-terms.
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