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Enhancing LLM Safety via Constrained Direct Preference Optimization

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arxiv 2403.02475 v1 pith:NTETKTWB submitted 2024-03-04 cs.LG cs.CL

classification cs.LGcs.CL
keywords approachsafetyconstrainedllmsconstraintdirectfine-tuninghuman
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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The rapidly increasing capabilities of large language models (LLMs) raise an urgent need to align AI systems with diverse human preferences to simultaneously enhance their usefulness and safety, despite the often conflicting nature of these goals. To address this important problem, a promising approach is to enforce a safety constraint at the fine-tuning stage through a constrained Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) framework. This approach, however, is computationally expensive and often unstable. In this work, we introduce Constrained DPO (C-DPO), a novel extension of the recently proposed Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) approach for fine-tuning LLMs that is both efficient and lightweight. By integrating dual gradient descent and DPO, our method identifies a nearly optimal trade-off between helpfulness and harmlessness without using reinforcement learning. Empirically, our approach provides a safety guarantee to LLMs that is missing in DPO while achieving significantly higher rewards under the same safety constraint compared to a recently proposed safe RLHF approach. Warning: This paper contains example data that may be offensive or harmful.

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Every Sample Counts: Supervised Fine-Tuning of Language Models with Pointwise Constraints

    eess.SP 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Pointwise constrained fine-tuning via sample-wise augmented Lagrangians and learned relaxations reduces tail constraint violations across safety, tool-calling, and re-ranking while preserving average task performance.

  2. Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback with High-Confidence Safety Constraints

    cs.LG 2025-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    HC-RLHF returns an aligned language model only after a held-out safety test certifies, with probability at least 1-delta, that expected harm (as judged by a learned cost model) is below a chosen threshold.

  3. Learning Safety Constraints for Large Language Models

    cs.LG 2025-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A polytope learned in LLM representation space can detect unsafe regions and steer outputs back to safety at inference time, reducing jailbreak success across several models.

  4. Safe Inference-Time Alignment via Lagrangian Reward Augmentation

    cs.LG 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.5 of 10

    Dualizing Safe RLHF yields a one-dimensional convex calibration of λ that defines a drop-in safety-aware reward for Best-of-N and token-level inference-time decoders.

  5. FlashEvaluator: Expanding Search Space with Parallel Sequence-Level Evaluation

    cs.IR 2026-03 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    FlashEvaluator jointly scores all K candidate lists in one shared forward pass, making generator-evaluator inference cost scale with distinct items rather than candidate count.

  6. The Geometry of Harmfulness in LLMs through Subconcept Probing

    cs.AI 2025-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Fifty-five harmfulness subconcept directions in Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct form a nearly rank-1 subspace, and steering along the dominant direction cuts jailbreak success but costs accuracy and fails on Qwen.

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