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Spatial-RAG: Spatial Retrieval Augmented Generation for Real-World Geospatial Reasoning Questions

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arxiv 2502.18470 v5 pith:24B5PI63 submitted 2025-02-04 cs.IR cs.ETcs.LG

Spatial-RAG: Spatial Retrieval Augmented Generation for Real-World Geospatial Reasoning Questions

classification cs.IR cs.ETcs.LG
keywords spatialgeospatialspatial-ragansweringreal-worldsemanticgenerationintent
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Answering real-world geospatial questions--such as finding restaurants along a travel route or amenities near a landmark--requires reasoning over both geographic relationships and semantic user intent. However, existing large language models (LLMs) lack spatial computing capabilities and access to up-to-date, ubiquitous real-world geospatial data, while traditional geospatial systems fall short in interpreting natural language. To bridge this gap, we introduce Spatial-RAG, a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) framework designed for geospatial question answering. Spatial-RAG integrates structured spatial databases with LLMs via a hybrid spatial retriever that combines sparse spatial filtering and dense semantic matching. It formulates the answering process as a multi-objective optimization over spatial and semantic relevance, identifying Pareto-optimal candidates and dynamically selecting the best response based on user intent. Experiments across multiple tourism and map-based QA datasets show that Spatial-RAG significantly improves accuracy, precision, and ranking performance over strong baselines.

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Forward citations

Cited by 9 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

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    A new diagnostic benchmark decomposes LLM spatial navigation into three cognitive scales and shows that cross-scale aggregation, not single-level deficits, causes failure beyond small mazes.

  2. GS-QA: A Benchmark for Geospatial Question Answering

    cs.DB 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    GS-QA is a new benchmark of 2,800 QA pairs on 28 templates using OSM and Wikipedia data to evaluate LLMs on spatial predicates, multi-source reasoning, and diverse answer types including distances and counts.

  3. TRACE: Tourism Recommendation with Accountable Citation Evidence

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    TRACE is a new benchmark dataset and evaluation suite for conversational tourism recommenders that requires systems to suggest POIs, cite verifiable review spans, and recover from rejections, revealing a Three-Compete...

  4. Privacy Without Losing Place: A Paradigm for Private Retrieval in Spatial RAGs

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    PAS encodes locations via relative anchors and bins to deliver roughly 370-400m adversarial error in spatial RAG while retaining over half the baseline retrieval performance and keeping generation quality robust.

  5. Natural Language Interfaces for Spatial and Temporal Databases: A Comprehensive Overview of Methods, Taxonomy, and Future Directions

    cs.DB 2026-03 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    A literature survey that taxonomizes methods, datasets, and evaluation practices for natural language interfaces to geospatial and temporal databases while identifying recurring trends and future directions.

  6. SAR-RAG: ATR Visual Question Answering by Semantic Search, Retrieval, and MLLM Generation

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    SAR-RAG augments an MLLM baseline with semantic retrieval of similar known SAR target images, yielding measurable gains in classification accuracy and dimension regression.

  7. GAIR: Location-Aware Self-Supervised Contrastive Pre-Training with Geo-Aligned Implicit Representations

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    GAIR introduces a geo-aligned implicit representation module inside a multi-encoder contrastive SSL framework that produces location-aware embeddings and outperforms prior geo-foundation models on 22 geospatial datase...

  8. CacheWeaver: Cache-Aware Evidence Ordering for Efficient Grounded RAG Inference

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