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Replica manifolds, pole skipping, and the butterfly effect
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abstract
The black hole butterfly effect is a signal of quantum chaos in holographic theories that can be probed in different ways, including out-of-time-order correlators (OTOCs), pole skipping (PS), and entanglement wedge (EW) reconstruction. Each of these three phenomena can be used to define a butterfly velocity that measures the speed at which chaos spreads. In a general quantum system the three velocities $v_B^{\text{OTOC}}$, $v_B^{\text{PS}}$, and $v_B^{\text{EW}}$ can be different, but it is known from explicit calculations that they are all equal in certain holographic theories dual to Einstein gravity plus higher-curvature corrections. A conceptual explanation for this apparent coincidence is lacking. We show that it follows from a deeper relationship: The pole-skipping mode, added to the black hole background, can be reinterpreted as the gravitational replica manifold for the late-time entanglement wedge, and its imaginary part is the shockwave that computes the OTOC. Thus pole skipping is directly related to entanglement dynamics in holographic theories, and the origin of the pole-skipping mode is an extremal surface on the horizon. This explains the coincidence $v_B^{\text{OTOC}} = v_B^{\text{PS}} = v_B^{\text{EW}}$ in known cases, and extends it to general theories of gravity with a pole-skipping mode having the usual behavior.
Forward citations
Cited by 7 Pith papers
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High-Order Pole-Skipping in Near-Extremal Holography
In near-extremal holographic black holes, the n-th order pole-skipping momentum with mode index q becomes order-independent as T→0: k²_{n,q} → −m²h(r_h) + ½q(q−1)h(r_h)f″(r_h), with q identified as the AdS2 IR conform...
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Probing Stringy Horizons with Pole-Skipping in Non-Maximal Chaotic Systems
Pole-skipping points in non-maximally chaotic systems form Regge-like trajectories whose leading curve encodes the quantum Lyapunov exponent.
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Cosmological pole-skipping, shock waves and quantum chaotic dynamics of de Sitter horizons
Pole-skipping in Schwarzschild-de Sitter predicts superluminal and imaginary butterfly velocities, confirmed by shock wave analysis, hinting at nonlocal and non-Hermitian dual dynamics.
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Quantum chaos and pole skipping in two-dimensional conformal perturbation theory
A deformed 2D CFT's stress-tensor pole-skipping point shifts at O(lambda^2); at h=1/2 the shift matches the holographic butterfly velocity.
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Thermal field theory correlators in the large-$N$ limit and the spectral duality relation
The spectral duality relation, previously found for 3d CFTs and 4d black holes, is shown to hold for meromorphic thermal two-point correlators in any dimension and for correlators related by double-trace deformations,...
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A Dynamical Systems Framework for Reinforcement Learning Safety and Robustness Verification
The claimed RL safety verification framework is absent from the manuscript; the body text is an unrelated high-energy physics paper about de Sitter horizon chaos.
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Charged Black Hole with String Cloud Deformation: Entanglement and Chaos
In a charged AdS black hole with a string cloud, entanglement entropy and entanglement wedge cross-section increase with charge and backreaction, while mutual information and butterfly velocity decrease with charge.
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