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AutoPentest: Enhancing Vulnerability Management With Autonomous LLM Agents

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arxiv 2505.10321 v1 pith:7UBHE4GY submitted 2025-05-15 cs.CR cs.AI

AutoPentest: Enhancing Vulnerability Management With Autonomous LLM Agents

classification cs.CR cs.AI
keywords autopentestchatgptconductcostsimplementationllmsmachinesmanagement
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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A recent area of increasing research is the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in penetration testing, which promises to reduce costs and thus allow for higher frequency. We conduct a review of related work, identifying best practices and common evaluation issues. We then present AutoPentest, an application for performing black-box penetration tests with a high degree of autonomy. AutoPentest is based on the LLM GPT-4o from OpenAI and the LLM agent framework LangChain. It can perform complex multi-step tasks, augmented by external tools and knowledge bases. We conduct a study on three capture-the-flag style Hack The Box (HTB) machines, comparing our implementation AutoPentest with the baseline approach of manually using the ChatGPT-4o user interface. Both approaches are able to complete 15-25 % of the subtasks on the HTB machines, with AutoPentest slightly outperforming ChatGPT. We measure a total cost of \$96.20 US when using AutoPentest across all experiments, while a one-month subscription to ChatGPT Plus costs \$20. The results show that further implementation efforts and the use of more powerful LLMs released in the future are likely to make this a viable part of vulnerability management.

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Forward citations

Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Hackers or Hallucinators? A Comprehensive Analysis of LLM-Based Automated Penetration Testing

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 8.0

    The first SoK on LLM-based AutoPT frameworks provides a six-dimension taxonomy of agent designs and a unified empirical benchmark evaluating 15 frameworks via over 10 billion tokens and 1,500 manually reviewed logs.

  2. Decoupling Reconnaissance and Exploitation: Measuring the Capability Boundaries of LLM-Based Web Penetration Testing

    cs.CR 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    A decoupled evaluation framework shows LLM penetration agents reach 90% exploitation success with ground-truth context but only 50% reconnaissance recall due to telemetry parsing failures across 50 vulnerabilities.

  3. Taint-Style Vulnerability Detection and Confirmation for Node.js Packages Using LLM Agent Reasoning

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    LLMVD.js uses LLM agents to confirm 84% of taint-style vulnerabilities on public benchmarks (vs. <22% for prior tools) and generates validated exploits for 36 of 260 new packages (vs. ≤2 for traditional tools).

  4. Automation-Exploit: A Multi-Agent LLM Framework for Adaptive Offensive Security with Digital Twin-Based Risk-Mitigated Exploitation

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Automation-Exploit is a multi-agent LLM system that uses conditional digital-twin validation to perform risk-mitigated exploitation of logical, web, and memory-corruption vulnerabilities in black-box targets.

  5. A Survey of LLM-Driven Penetration Testing: Taxonomy, Co-Evolution, and Open Challenges

    cs.SE 2026-07 accept novelty 5.5

    LLM pentest agents co-evolved through four bottleneck-driven phases into RLVR systems, while CTF platforms became dual evaluation/training infrastructure and three linked reliability gaps remain.

  6. xOffense: An Autonomous Multi-Agent Framework for Penetration Testing with Domain-Adapted Large Language Models

    cs.CR 2025-09 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    xOffense automates penetration testing via a fine-tuned Qwen3-32B LLM in a multi-agent setup with specialized agents for reconnaissance, vulnerability scanning, and exploitation, reporting 79.17% sub-task completion o...