Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs | Paper Citation Record

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This paper cites Education Sciences13(12), 1216 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13121216 EISSN 2227-7102.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Education Sciences13(12), 1216 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13121216 EISSN 2227-7102

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This paper cites IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies17, 12–31 (2024).

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies17, 12–31 (2024)

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Advancing Education through Tutoring Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

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This paper cites Computer Science & IT Research Journal4(3), 185–199 (2023).

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Computer Science & IT Research Journal4(3), 185–199 (2023)

Reference 4

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This paper cites Language Education & Technology (LET Journal)3(2), 96–109 (2023).

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Language Education & Technology (LET Journal)3(2), 96–109 (2023)

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This paper cites European Journal of Physics45(2), 025701 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ad1420.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs European Journal of Physics45(2), 025701 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ad1420

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This paper cites MR-GSM8K: A Meta-Reasoning Benchmark for Large Language Model Evaluation.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs MR-GSM8K: A Meta-Reasoning Benchmark for Large Language Model Evaluation

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This paper cites MMLU-ProX: A Multilingual Benchmark for Advanced Large Language Model Evaluation.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs MMLU-ProX: A Multilingual Benchmark for Advanced Large Language Model Evaluation

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This paper cites Physical Review Physics Education Research21(2), 020157 (2025) https: //doi.org/10.1103/6fmx-bsnl.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Physical Review Physics Education Research21(2), 020157 (2025) https: //doi.org/10.1103/6fmx-bsnl

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This paper cites Physics Education59(2), 025010 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ad1fa2.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Physics Education59(2), 025010 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ad1fa2

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This paper cites Evaluation of ChatGPT and Microsoft Bing AI Chat Performances on Physics Exams of Vietnamese National High School Graduation Examination.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Evaluation of ChatGPT and Microsoft Bing AI Chat Performances on Physics Exams of Vietnamese National High School Graduation Examination

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Unresolved cited work

Reference 12

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs ChatGPT & Mechanical Engineering: Examining performance on the FE Mechanical Engineering and Undergraduate Exams

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs https://openai.com/chatgpt/overview/

Reference 14

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This paper cites Physics Education59(4), 045005 (2024) https://doi.org/ 10.1088/1361-6552/ad3d21.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Physics Education59(4), 045005 (2024) https://doi.org/ 10.1088/1361-6552/ad3d21

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This paper cites Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence5, 100318 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100318.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence5, 100318 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100318

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This paper cites Scientific Reports15(1), 17458 (2025) https: //doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97652-6.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Scientific Reports15(1), 17458 (2025) https: //doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97652-6

Reference 17

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This paper cites Frontiers in Education8(2024) https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1330486.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Frontiers in Education8(2024) https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1330486

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This paper cites American Journal of Physics91(12), 955–958 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1119/5.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs American Journal of Physics91(12), 955–958 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1119/5

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Physics Education 58(3), 035027 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/acc5cf

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Scientific Reports14, 23285 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73634-y

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Unresolved cited work

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Data Dialogue with ChatGPT: Using Code Interpreter to Simulate and Analyse Experimental Data

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Reasoning Language Models: A Blueprint

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Towards Large Reasoning Models: A Survey of Reinforced Reasoning with Large Language Models

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Unresolved cited work

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs PhysReason: A Comprehensive Benchmark towards Physics-Based Reasoning

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs https://ml-site.cdn-apple

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData), pp

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs A Comprehensive Review of Multimodal Large Language Models: Performance and Challenges Across Different Tasks

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Learning and Individual Differences118, 102601 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102601

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs (eds.): Multiple Representations in Physics Education vol

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Unresolved cited work

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs International Journal of Advanced Multi- disciplinary Research and Studies5(1), 7–18 (2025) https://doi.org/10.62225/ 2583049X.2025.5.1.3610

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs chatgpt vs

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs In: Proceedings of the Physics Education Research Conference (PERC), Boston, MA (2024)

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Unresolved cited work

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Artificial Intelligence in Physics Courses to Support Active Learning (ICSLT ’24 proceedings), 68–75 (2024) https: //doi.org/10.1145/3678610.3678631

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Unresolved cited work

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Frontiers in Education9, 1452414 (2024) https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Technical report, OECD Publishing (2023)

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs PhD thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Physics Didactics, Uppsala, Sweden (May 2025)

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Teaching & Learning Inquiry10(2022) https://doi.org/10.20343/ teachlearninqu.10.3

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs (eds.) Constructivist Instruction: Success or Failure?, pp

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs The Educational Forum75(3), 210–227 (2011) https://doi.org/10.1080/00131725.2011.577669 22

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Educational Research Quarterly31(3), 39–56 (2008)

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This paper cites Physical Review Physics Education Research19(2), 020163 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.020163.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Physical Review Physics Education Research19(2), 020163 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.19.020163

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Physi- cal Review Physics Education Research20(2), 020144 (2024) https://doi.org/10

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Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Physical Review Physics Education Research21(1), 010126 (2025) https://doi.org/10

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No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation c83f5397-bce9-441b-ae17-826d3ba9e85b · outbound

This paper cites Physical Review Physics Education Research20(1), 010152 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.20.010152.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Physical Review Physics Education Research20(1), 010152 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.20.010152

Reference 51

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:14.587360Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation b48ebd8c-820a-4ec3-ace1-35716ea01aa5 · outbound

This paper cites EPJ Quantum Technology 12(1), 33 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-025-00334-5.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs EPJ Quantum Technology 12(1), 33 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjqt/s40507-025-00334-5

Reference 52

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:14.568692Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 00ab6ddd-0c94-47d5-beb4-b464eed531b0 · outbound

This paper cites Using Generative AI and Multi-Agents to Provide Automatic Feedback.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Using Generative AI and Multi-Agents to Provide Automatic Feedback

Reference 53

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:14.145575Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 4e16b706-a8fc-43a3-871a-75c4b8fba876 · outbound

This paper cites Education Sciences15(2), 233 (2025) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15020233.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Education Sciences15(2), 233 (2025) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15020233

Reference 54

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:14.548646Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation e2b65d10-7c77-4afd-9120-04dca6478086 · outbound

This paper cites In: 2024 Physics Education Research Conference Proceedings, pp.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs In: 2024 Physics Education Research Conference Proceedings, pp

Reference 55

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:14.516392Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation b421b229-4314-4ebb-96aa-eb41a7d0da2c · outbound

This paper cites Physical Review 23 Physics Education Research21(1), 010136 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1103/ PhysRevPhysEducRes.21.010136.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Physical Review 23 Physics Education Research21(1), 010136 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1103/ PhysRevPhysEducRes.21.010136

Reference 56

Resolution: malformed identifier; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:16.346427Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 32799dd4-ad56-445b-8b49-a70e586e0157 · outbound

This paper cites https://www.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs https://www

Reference 57

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:16.328655Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 46c464d8-1cbd-48cf-b1f5-25961d847180 · outbound

This paper cites https://www.youtube.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs https://www.youtube

Reference 58

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:16.312600Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 5942ec7d-0ba3-4297-98ca-4203061cef10 · outbound

This paper cites Counting Ability of Large Language Models and Impact of Tokenization.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Counting Ability of Large Language Models and Impact of Tokenization

Reference 59

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:14.189386Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f4637ed1-81fa-45c6-aeee-6df663f17ab2 · outbound

This paper cites Journal of AI and Education (2025).

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Journal of AI and Education (2025)

Reference 60

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:16.294735Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation e44665b0-08a9-4b2f-b28c-148e4f65c90a · outbound

This paper cites https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/ ai-literacy-and-new-digital-divide-global-call-action.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/ ai-literacy-and-new-digital-divide-global-call-action

Reference 61

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:16.279000Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation eb03f58e-e134-4dc2-a622-53a69ec2eaf4 · outbound

This paper cites https://docs.anthropic.com/en/docs/about-claude/ models/overview.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs https://docs.anthropic.com/en/docs/about-claude/ models/overview

Reference 62

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:16.261982Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 50d267ff-3396-4376-801d-c60f43536162 · outbound

This paper cites https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/models?utm source=chatgpt.com.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs https://ai.google.dev/gemini-api/docs/models?utm source=chatgpt.com

Reference 63

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:16.244993Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 6a8d8375-03df-4053-9e93-7e87de1faf8b · outbound

This paper cites https://ai.google.dev/gemma/docs.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs https://ai.google.dev/gemma/docs

Reference 64

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:16.222900Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 69af45c0-6e68-4c2a-9aac-b12a034aebb7 · outbound

This paper cites https://platform.openai.com/docs/models?utm source= chatgpt.com.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs https://platform.openai.com/docs/models?utm source= chatgpt.com

Reference 65

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:16.203581Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 25b723fd-1bb4-4f0b-8233-d6c824d9ae03 · outbound

This paper cites Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research2(1), 010105 (2006) https: //doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.2.010105.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Physical Review Special Topics - Physics Education Research2(1), 010105 (2006) https: //doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTPER.2.010105

Reference 66

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:14.494146Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation c195ff7a-f05a-4812-8428-5c900fe937f4 · outbound

This paper cites Research in Science & Technological Education35(2), 238–260 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2017.1310094.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Research in Science & Technological Education35(2), 238–260 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2017.1310094

Reference 67

Resolution: verified exact; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:15.071778Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation a97d3564-00e3-4ae1-b979-d0772d046a04 · outbound

This paper cites American Journal of Physics70(3), 238–251 (2002) https://doi.org/10.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs American Journal of Physics70(3), 238–251 (2002) https://doi.org/10

Reference 68

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:16.186830Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 33e7eb70-13f8-4102-ab0d-229b3593b132 · outbound

This paper cites American Journal of Physics62(8), 750–762 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1119/1.17449.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs American Journal of Physics62(8), 750–762 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1119/1.17449

Reference 69

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:14.267839Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 8fe0160a-cd52-4e10-bcf5-f6950a21aa90 · outbound

This paper cites TechTarget SearchEnterpriseAI (2025).

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs TechTarget SearchEnterpriseAI (2025)

Reference 70

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:16.172224Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation cd9bb1fc-095b-4fa8-a0e4-582978d42518 · outbound

This paper cites Dataset on Zenodo (2025).

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Dataset on Zenodo (2025)

Reference 71

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:14.459765Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation b1ba034d-1a75-47d4-921f-031135d6d079 · outbound

This paper cites Language Models are Few-Shot Learners.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Language Models are Few-Shot Learners

Reference 72

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:14.287784Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 70f55e3b-1a20-4988-a458-e7c0472c69a4 · outbound

This paper cites Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models

Reference 73

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:14.295141Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 852441a5-4842-4ae9-a99b-603a51d37968 · outbound

This paper cites Physical Review Physics Education Research 20(1), 010104 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.20.010104.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Physical Review Physics Education Research 20(1), 010104 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.20.010104

Reference 74

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:14.416687Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 14ec92e1-0df4-4807-8d18-5fe6fd74d5c2 · outbound

This paper cites Physical Review Physics Education Research 13(2), 020111 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.13.020111.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs Physical Review Physics Education Research 13(2), 020111 (2017) https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.13.020111

Reference 75

Resolution: verified exact; doi, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:14.385535Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 0bbf5d44-b4a2-4e26-939a-9c25f298a1fb · outbound

This paper cites https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/reasoning

Reference 76

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:16.156326Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Observation 6af6dad8-6deb-4a20-a2cf-afc6dac43070 · outbound

This paper cites https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/ reasoning-best-practices.

Multimodal large language models and physics visual tasks: comparative analysis of performance and costs https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/ reasoning-best-practices

Reference 77

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-15T18:34:16.138674Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-17T06:30:58.91139+00:00.

Coverage vector

Reference resolution

Outbound references

Pith citing papers