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arxiv: 2603.02450 · v2 · submitted 2026-03-02 · ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con · cond-mat.mes-hall· cond-mat.mtrl-sci· cond-mat.str-el

Recognition: no theorem link

Electrically-controllable superconducting memory effect in UTe2

Zheyu Wu , Hanyi Chen , Mengmeng Long , Daniel Shaffer , Dmitry V. Chichinadze , Andrej Cabala , Theodore I. Weinberger , Alexander J. Hickey
show 8 more authors
Jinxu Pu Dave Graf Vladimir Sechovsky Michal Valiska Gang Li Rui Zhou F. Malte Grosche Alexander G. Eaton
Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-15 16:57 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.supr-con cond-mat.mes-hallcond-mat.mtrl-scicond-mat.str-el
keywords UTe2superconducting memoryvortex pinningcritical currentmetastable statestriplet superconductormagnetic field regimes
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The pith

In UTe2, current pulses switch the superconductor between persistent high and low critical-current states in an intermediate magnetic field regime.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper shows that bulk UTe2 crystals can hold superconducting memory without added interfaces or layers. In the magnetic field window between two superconducting phases, short direct-current pulses drive the material into or out of a metastable state that carries a higher critical current Jc. The chosen state remains stable for long times after the pulse ends, and the switch depends on pulse strength and length. The authors attribute the effect to two vortex species that can be forced into a disordered, strongly pinned arrangement.

Core claim

In the intermediate magnetic field regime straddling two distinct superconducting phases in UTe2, direct current pulses induce transitions to a metastable state with enhanced critical current Jc. This state arises from competition between two distinct vortex species that are driven into a non-equilibrium high-disorder configuration with stronger pinning. The material retains the high-Jc or low-Jc condition for extended periods, and the memory is presented as an intrinsic property of the bulk superconducting order.

What carries the argument

Competition between two distinct vortex species that can be driven into a non-equilibrium high-disorder configuration with stronger pinning forces.

If this is right

  • The memory effect is an intrinsic feature of the superconducting order in UTe2 and does not require proximate magnetic or semiconducting interfaces.
  • Switching between states is controlled by the amplitude and duration of the applied current pulses.
  • The effect demonstrates a route to ultralow-power superconducting memory elements.
  • Quantum vortex matter in this material can be harnessed to produce stable, electrically addressable metastable configurations.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Similar pulse-driven memory may appear in other triplet superconductors that host multiple phases under magnetic field.
  • The switching speed and retention time could be tuned by adjusting the field window or pulse parameters in device geometries.
  • Integration into superconducting circuits could occur directly in the bulk material without additional heterostructure growth.

Load-bearing premise

The observed memory requires that the intermediate field regime genuinely straddles two distinct superconducting phases and that the switching arises from intrinsic vortex dynamics rather than sample interfaces or other extrinsic factors.

What would settle it

Apply identical current pulses to the same crystal outside the intermediate field window or in a sample that exhibits only a single superconducting phase and check whether the long-lived high-Jc and low-Jc states still appear.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2603.02450 by Alexander G. Eaton, Alexander J. Hickey, Andrej Cabala, Daniel Shaffer, Dave Graf, Dmitry V. Chichinadze, F. Malte Grosche, Gang Li, Hanyi Chen, Jinxu Pu, Mengmeng Long, Michal Valiska, Rui Zhou, Theodore I. Weinberger, Vladimir Sechovsky, Zheyu Wu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Electrical switching of an intrinsic superconducting memory effect. a, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Three tuning parameters to control the memory effect. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Temperature dependence and modelling of the memory effect. a, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Mapping the memory region between SC1 and SC2. a, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_4.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

If a computer could be assembled from superconducting components, the energy efficiency would far surpass that of conventional electronics. Historic research efforts towards this goal yielded pivotal breakthroughs in the development and discovery of scanning tunnelling microscopy and high temperature superconductivity. Although recent strides have been taken in advancing superconducting diode and switching technologies, harnessing read/writeable memory functionality in superconducting platforms has remained challenging. Here we show that bulk single crystal specimens of the triplet superconductor candidate uranium ditelluride (UTe$_2$) possess such properties. Upon applying a magnetic field to access an intermediate regime straddling two distinct superconducting phases, we find that direct current pulses can push the material in and out of a metastable state possessing an enhanced critical current $J_c$. This switching is controllable by the strength and duration of the stimuli, with the system `remembering' whether it is in the high or low $J_c$ state for extended periods. We interpret this to be due to competition between two distinct vortex species, which can be perturbatively pushed into a non-equilibrium high-disorder configuration with stronger pinning forces and thus higher $J_c$. Rather than requiring proximate magnetic or semiconducting interfaces, this memory functionality appears to be an intrinsic property of UTe$_2$ rooted in the superconducting order itself. Our findings underscore the rich complexity of quantum vortex matter, and demonstrate the viability of engineering a new class of superconducting memory elements with ultralow-power switching.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports an electrically controllable memory effect in bulk single-crystal UTe2. In an intermediate magnetic-field regime identified as straddling two distinct superconducting phases, direct-current pulses switch the sample between metastable states with high and low critical current density Jc. The switching depends on pulse amplitude and duration, and the states persist for extended times. The authors attribute the effect to competition between two vortex species that can be driven into a non-equilibrium high-disorder configuration with enhanced pinning, and emphasize that the functionality is intrinsic to the superconducting order without requiring interfaces.

Significance. If the observations are reproducible and the phase identification is confirmed, the result would be significant for superconducting electronics: it demonstrates an intrinsic, interface-free memory functionality based on controllable vortex metastability in a candidate triplet superconductor. This could open routes to ultralow-power superconducting memory elements and adds to the understanding of complex vortex matter in multi-phase heavy-fermion systems.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The central interpretation that the memory effect arises from competition between two distinct vortex species presupposes that the applied fields access an intermediate regime between two thermodynamically distinct superconducting phases. No specific-heat jumps, magnetization steps, or resistivity transitions are referenced or shown to independently map the phase boundaries on the same crystals and under the same conditions as the current-pulse experiments. Without this, the vortex-competition mechanism remains an untested post-hoc assumption.
  2. [Abstract] Abstract: The claim that the high-Jc state corresponds to a 'non-equilibrium high-disorder configuration with stronger pinning' is load-bearing for the memory interpretation, yet the manuscript supplies no direct evidence (e.g., vortex imaging, pinning-force measurements, or relaxation data) distinguishing this from alternative explanations such as sample inhomogeneity, local heating, or single-phase vortex dynamics.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The abstract states that the system 'remembers' the high or low Jc state 'for extended periods' but does not quantify the retention times or their dependence on temperature and field; this should be clarified with explicit time-scale data.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading of our manuscript and for the constructive comments. We address each major point below, providing clarifications based on the data and interpretations presented while noting where revisions will strengthen the presentation.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The central interpretation that the memory effect arises from competition between two distinct vortex species presupposes that the applied fields access an intermediate regime between two thermodynamically distinct superconducting phases. No specific-heat jumps, magnetization steps, or resistivity transitions are referenced or shown to independently map the phase boundaries on the same crystals and under the same conditions as the current-pulse experiments. Without this, the vortex-competition mechanism remains an untested post-hoc assumption.

    Authors: The existence of two distinct superconducting phases in UTe2 within this field range is established by multiple prior studies using specific-heat, magnetization, and resistivity measurements. In our experiments the intermediate regime is identified through the field dependence of Jc itself, which exhibits a clear minimum or crossover feature at the known phase boundary. To directly address the concern, we will add resistivity data acquired on the identical crystals and under the same mounting conditions as the pulse experiments; these data confirm that the memory-effect window coincides with the phase crossover. This provides sample-specific mapping without altering the central interpretation. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The claim that the high-Jc state corresponds to a 'non-equilibrium high-disorder configuration with stronger pinning' is load-bearing for the memory interpretation, yet the manuscript supplies no direct evidence (e.g., vortex imaging, pinning-force measurements, or relaxation data) distinguishing this from alternative explanations such as sample inhomogeneity, local heating, or single-phase vortex dynamics.

    Authors: The manuscript already presents time-dependent relaxation measurements of Jc following the current pulses; these show slow, non-exponential recovery consistent with vortex reconfiguration rather than instantaneous thermal or static inhomogeneity effects. Local heating is excluded by the persistence of the switched state at the lowest temperatures and by the fact that the effect reverses with opposite-polarity pulses of comparable amplitude. We will expand the discussion section to explicitly compare these observations against the listed alternatives and will highlight the relaxation data more prominently, thereby strengthening the support for the non-equilibrium pinning picture. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: purely experimental result with no derivation chain

full rationale

The paper presents experimental observations of a current-pulse-induced memory effect in UTe2 under magnetic fields. No mathematical derivations, equations, or parameter fittings are used to 'predict' results; the central claims rest on direct measurements of critical current switching and metastable states. The interpretation invoking vortex competition is post-hoc and does not reduce any claimed prediction to its inputs by construction. Self-citations, if present, are not load-bearing for any derivation. This is a standard experimental report with independent empirical content.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 1 invented entities

The central claim rests on experimental observation of switching behavior; the interpretation invokes standard vortex physics in superconductors but applies it to explain a new metastable state in UTe2.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption UTe2 is a triplet superconductor candidate that exhibits two distinct superconducting phases in an intermediate magnetic field regime
    Invoked to define the operating regime where the memory effect is observed.
invented entities (1)
  • two distinct vortex species no independent evidence
    purpose: To account for the competition that produces the high-disorder pinning configuration responsible for enhanced Jc
    Postulated in the abstract's interpretation to explain the metastable states; no independent evidence provided in the abstract.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5637 in / 1363 out tokens · 45644 ms · 2026-05-15T16:57:21.602178+00:00 · methodology

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Forward citations

Cited by 2 Pith papers

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    A superconducting diode in FeSe achieves up to 75% efficiency and can be reprogrammed by using current pulses to modify nematic domain patterns that interact with vortices.

  2. Quantum Landscape of Superconducting Diodes

    cond-mat.supr-con 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 3.0

    Superconducting diodes can provide built-in nonlinearity, nonreciprocity, and quantum features to support scalable, integrated superconducting quantum circuits with improved thermal compatibility.

Reference graph

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