arxiv: 2604.13569 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-15 · 🌌 astro-ph.IM · astro-ph.HE

Recognition: unknown

Simulation of non X-ray background for the DIffuse X-ray Explorer (DIXE) mission

Ruixuan Tian , Junjie Mao , Jiejia Liu , Hai Jin , Wei Cui

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-10 12:41 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.IM astro-ph.HE

keywords non-X-ray backgroundDIXE missionGeant4 simulationlow Earth orbitcosmic raysalbedo neutronsSouth Atlantic AnomalyX-ray spectroscopy

0 comments

The pith

The DIXE mission's non-X-ray background averages 4.46 × 10^{-2} counts s^{-1} cm^{-2} keV^{-1} at the geomagnetic equator under solar minimum, dominated by cosmic proton induced particles.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper uses Geant4 to simulate the non-X-ray background for the proposed DIXE X-ray survey mission aboard the China Space Station. It builds a detailed mass model of the payload and includes major background sources—cosmic rays, albedo neutrons, and albedo photons—using realistic angular and spectral distributions. The work calculates the resulting background in the 0.1-10 keV band at different geomagnetic latitudes and evaluates the delayed contribution from trapped protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly. A sympathetic reader cares because this background directly limits the ability to measure faint diffuse X-ray emission from hot gas in the Milky Way. The simulated levels match those seen in similar low-Earth-orbit X-ray instruments.

Core claim

Using Geant4 simulations with a detailed payload mass model and realistic distributions of space radiation sources, the non-X-ray background for DIXE in low Earth orbit is calculated to be on average 4.46 × 10^{-2} counts s^{-1} cm^{-2} keV^{-1} in the 0.1--10 keV band at the geomagnetic equator under solar minimum conditions. The dominant contribution comes from induced particles generated by primary cosmic protons. The background increases to a maximum of 1.55 × 10^{-1} counts s^{-1} cm^{-2} keV^{-1} at higher latitudes. The delayed background from trapped protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly decays rapidly and becomes negligible within about 5 minutes after exiting the anomaly. These NXB

What carries the argument

Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation incorporating a detailed three-dimensional mass model of the DIXE payload together with primary cosmic protons, albedo neutrons, and albedo photons supplied as input with their measured angular and spectral distributions.

If this is right

The predicted NXB sets the practical sensitivity limit for mapping faint diffuse emission from Galactic hot gas.
Observation time should be concentrated at low geomagnetic latitudes where the background is lowest.
Data acquisition can resume within five minutes after leaving the South Atlantic Anomaly.
The background model supplies a baseline for subtraction algorithms in future DIXE data analysis.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Validated in flight, the same Geant4 modeling approach could be reused to forecast background for other proposed low-Earth-orbit X-ray spectrometers.
The dominance of proton-induced secondaries points to proton shielding as the highest-leverage design choice for lowering background in similar instruments.

Load-bearing premise

The detailed mass model of the payload and the adopted angular and spectral distributions of cosmic rays, albedo neutrons, and albedo photons accurately represent the real environment and instrument geometry.

What would settle it

In-orbit count-rate measurements from DIXE in the 0.1-10 keV band at the geomagnetic equator during solar minimum that differ substantially from 4.46 × 10^{-2} counts s^{-1} cm^{-2} keV^{-1} would falsify the simulation.

read the original abstract

DIffuse X-ray Explorer (DIXE) is a proposed high-resolution spectroscopic survey mission onboard the China Space Station. Equipped with microcalorimeters based on the Transition-edge sensor technology, it aims to survey the hot gas in the Milky Way. The performance of DIXE depends on the understanding of non X-ray background (NXB), which can strongly affect observations of diffuse X-ray emission. In this work, we simulated the NXB of DIXE in a low-earth orbit (LEO) using \textsc{Geant4}. A detailed mass model of the payload was constructed, and the major sources of NXB were identified, including cosmic rays, albedo neutrons and albedo photons. These components were implemented in \textsc{Geant4} with realistic angular and spectral distributions. We simulated the relevant physical processes of space radiation interacting with the instrument and calculated the resulting NXB. We also evaluated the delayed background from trapped protons in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). Our simulations show that, at the geomagnetic equator and under solar minimum conditions, the NXB is on average $4.46 \times 10^{-2} ~\mathrm{counts~s^{-1}~cm^{-2}~keV^{-1}}$ in 0.1--10 keV energy band, with dominant contributions from the induced particles generated by primary cosmic protons. The NXB increases toward higher geomagnetic latitudes, reaching a maximum of $1.55 \times 10^{-1} ~\mathrm{counts~s^{-1}~cm^{-2}~keV^{-1}}$. The delayed background induced by the SAA decays rapidly after exiting the anomaly and becomes negligible within approximately 5 minutes. The simulated NXB is consistent with that of similar X-ray observatories in LEOs.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

This paper runs a standard Geant4 simulation to give concrete NXB rates for the proposed DIXE mission, which is useful for that team but incremental overall.

read the letter

The main takeaway is that this work supplies the first specific NXB estimates for DIXE, including an average rate of 4.46 × 10^{-2} counts s^{-1} cm^{-2} keV^{-1} at the geomagnetic equator under solar minimum, dominated by particles induced by cosmic protons, with rates rising to 1.55 × 10^{-1} at higher latitudes and SAA delayed background fading in roughly 5 minutes. They built a detailed payload mass model and fed in realistic spectra for cosmic rays, albedo neutrons, and photons, then tracked the interactions in Geant4. That produces practical numbers the mission designers can use for sensitivity calculations on Milky Way hot gas observations. The approach follows the same framework already applied to other LEO X-ray instruments, and the paper notes consistency with those prior results, which is a reasonable check. The soft spots are modest but real: the output numbers rest entirely on how well the mass model and input radiation fields match the actual spacecraft and environment, and the abstract gives no error budgets, sensitivity tests, or side-by-side plots against flight data from similar detectors. If those inputs shift, the quoted rates move with them. This paper is aimed at the DIXE instrument team and anyone planning comparable microcalorimeter surveys in low Earth orbit; a general reader working on diffuse X-ray astrophysics or background modeling techniques will not find new methods or broader insights. I would send it to peer review. The calculations are competent, the results are mission-specific and falsifiable in principle, and referees can focus on the model assumptions without needing to invent new science.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript uses Geant4 to simulate the non-X-ray background for the proposed DIXE X-ray mission on the China Space Station. It builds a detailed payload mass model and incorporates realistic angular and spectral distributions for cosmic rays, albedo neutrons, and albedo photons to calculate the NXB in LEO. The key result is an average NXB of 4.46 × 10^{-2} counts s^{-1} cm^{-2} keV^{-1} in the 0.1-10 keV band at the geomagnetic equator during solar minimum, primarily from particles induced by primary cosmic protons, with higher rates at larger latitudes and a rapidly decaying SAA delayed component. The simulation is reported to be consistent with NXB levels in comparable LEO instruments.

Significance. This provides a quantitative baseline for the background environment that will affect DIXE's ability to measure diffuse X-ray emission. The forward simulation with no free parameters and reliance on external spectra is a positive aspect, as is the separation of prompt and delayed backgrounds. Such studies are valuable for mission planning in the field of X-ray astronomy instrumentation.

minor comments (3)

[Abstract] The maximum NXB value of 1.55 × 10^{-1} counts s^{-1} cm^{-2} keV^{-1} is given without specifying the geomagnetic latitude at which it occurs or the solar conditions.
[Results] The paper would benefit from including a table comparing the simulated NXB to measured or simulated values from other LEO missions like Suzaku or XRISM to support the consistency claim.
[Simulation Setup] Clarification on the Geant4 physics processes enabled and the cutoff energies used would aid in reproducing the results.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive evaluation of our manuscript on the simulation of non-X-ray background for the DIXE mission. We appreciate the recognition of the forward simulation approach, the separation of prompt and delayed backgrounds, and the consistency with comparable instruments. The recommendation for minor revision is noted, and we will prepare a revised version accordingly.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity detected

full rationale

The paper reports results from a forward Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation that takes as inputs a constructed instrument mass model plus angular/spectral distributions for cosmic rays, albedo neutrons, and albedo photons drawn from external literature. The quoted NXB rates (e.g., 4.46e-2 counts s^{-1} cm^{-2} keV^{-1} at the geomagnetic equator) are direct tallies of simulated particle interactions under specified orbital conditions; no equations, fitted parameters, or self-citations reduce these outputs to the inputs by construction. The workflow is a standard, externally driven simulation and remains self-contained against the listed patterns.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The simulation rests on standard Geant4 physics processes and external literature values for cosmic-ray spectra and albedo components; no new free parameters are fitted to data within the work itself.

axioms (2)

domain assumption Geant4 accurately models electromagnetic and hadronic interactions of cosmic rays and secondaries with spacecraft materials in the 0.1-10 keV regime
Invoked throughout the simulation setup without additional validation shown in the abstract.
domain assumption Adopted angular and spectral distributions of primary cosmic protons, albedo neutrons, and albedo photons are representative of LEO conditions at solar minimum
Used to generate the input particle fluxes.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5647 in / 1461 out tokens · 42617 ms · 2026-05-10T12:41:48.382736+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

41 extracted references · 39 canonical work pages · 1 internal anchor

[1]

S., & Werk, J

Tumlinson, J., Peeples, M.S., Werk, J.K.: The Circumgalactic Medium. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics55(1), 389–432 (2017) https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055240

work page internal anchor Pith review doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055240 2017
[2]

Cen, R., Ostriker, J.P.: Where Are the Baryons? The Astrophysical Journal 514(1), 1 (1999) https://doi.org/10.1086/306949

work page doi:10.1086/306949 1999
[3]

Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics45(1), 221–259 (2007) https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110619

Bregman, J.N.: The Search for the Missing Baryons at Low Redshift. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics45(1), 221–259 (2007) https://doi.org/ 10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110619

work page doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110619 2007
[4]

2020, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2003.04962

XRISM Science Team: Science with the X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) (2020). https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.04962

work page arXiv 2020
[5]

Journal of Low Temperature Physics199(1-2), 502–509 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-019-02279-3

Cui, W., Chen, L.-B., Gao, B., Guo, F.-L., Jin, H., Wang, G.-L., Wang, L., Wang, J.-J., Wang, W., Wang, Z.-S., Wang, Z., Yuan, F., Zhang, W.: HUBS: Hot Uni- verse Baryon Surveyor. Journal of Low Temperature Physics199(1-2), 502–509 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-019-02279-3

work page doi:10.1007/s10909-019-02279-3 2020
[6]

Nature Astronomy9(1), 36–44 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41550-024-02416-3 27

Cruise, M., Guainazzi, M., Aird, J., Carrera, F.J., Costantini, E., Corrales, L., Dauser, T., Eckert, D., Gastaldello, F., Matsumoto, H., Osten, R., Petrucci, P.- O., Porquet, D., Pratt, G.W., Rea, N., Reiprich, T.H., Simionescu, A., Spiga, D., Troja, E.: The NewAthena mission concept in the context of the next decade of X-ray astronomy. Nature Astronomy9...

2025
[7]

Journal of Low Temperature Physics215(3), 256–267 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-024-03095-0

Jin, H., Mao, J., Chen, L., Chen, N., Cui, W., Gao, B., Li, J., Li, X., Liu, J., Quan, J., Jiang, C., Wang, G., Wang, L., Wang, Q., Wang, S., Xiao, A., Zhang, S.: DIffuse X-ray Explorer: A High-Resolution X-ray Spectroscopic Sky Surveyor on the China Space Station. Journal of Low Temperature Physics215(3), 256–267 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10909-024-03095-0

work page doi:10.1007/s10909-024-03095-0 2024
[8]

Journal of Low Temperature Physics (2024) https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10909-024-03131-z

Liu, J., Wang, S., Jin, H., Wang, Q., Cui, W.: Preliminary Design of Detector Assembly for DIXE. Journal of Low Temperature Physics (2024) https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10909-024-03131-z

work page doi:10.1007/s10909-024-03131-z 2024
[9]

J., & Tananbaum, H

Campana, R.: In-Orbit Background for X-ray Detectors. In: Bambi, C., Santan- gelo, A. (eds.) Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics, pp. 919–945. Springer, Singapore (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6960-7 28

work page doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6960-7 2024
[10]

Agostinelli, S., Allison, J., Amako, K., Apostolakis, J., Araujo, H., Arce, P., Asai, M., Axen, D., Banerjee, S., Barrand, G., Behner, F., Bellagamba, L., Boudreau, J., Broglia, L., Brunengo, A., Burkhardt, H., Chauvie, S., Chuma, J., Chy- tracek, R., Cooperman, G., Cosmo, G., Degtyarenko, P., Dell’Acqua, A., Depaola, G., Dietrich, D., Enami, R., Feliciel...

work page doi:10.1016/s0168-9002(03)01368-8 2003
[11]

Allison, et al., Geant4 developments and applications, IEEE Trans

Allison, J., Amako, K., Apostolakis, J., Araujo, H., Arce Dubois, P., Asai, M., Barrand, G., Capra, R., Chauvie, S., Chytracek, R., Cirrone, G.A.P., Cooper- man, G., Cosmo, G., Cuttone, G., Daquino, G.G., Donszelmann, M., Dressel, M., Folger, G., Foppiano, F., Generowicz, J., Grichine, V., Guatelli, S., Gumplinger, P., Heikkinen, A., Hrivnacova, I., Howar...

work page doi:10.1109/tns.2006.869826 2006
[12]

Clement, D

Allison, J., Amako, K., Apostolakis, J., Arce, P., Asai, M., Aso, T., Bagli, E., Bagulya, A., Banerjee, S., Barrand, G., Beck, B.R., Bogdanov, A.G., Brandt, D., Brown, J.M.C., Burkhardt, H., Canal, P., Cano-Ott, D., Chauvie, S., Cho, K., Cirrone, G.A.P., Cooperman, G., Cort´ es-Giraldo, M.A., Cosmo, G., Cuttone, G., Depaola, G., Desorgher, L., Dong, X., D...

work page doi:10.1016/j.nima 2016
[13]

Physics Letters B490(1-2), 27–35 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00970-9

Alcaraz, J., Alpat, B., Ambrosi, G., Anderhub, H., Ao, L., Arefiev, A., Azzarello, P., Babucci, E., Baldini, L., Basile, M., Barancourt, D., Barao, F., Barbier, G., Barreira, G., Battiston, R., Becker, R., Becker, U., Bellagamba, L., B´ en´ e, P., Berdugo, J., Berges, P., Bertucci, B., Biland, A., Bizzaglia, S., Blasko, S., Boella, G., Boschini, M., Bourq...

work page doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(00)00970-9 2000
[14]

Physics Letters B484(1-2), 10–22 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00588-8

Alcaraz, J., Alpat, B., Ambrosi, G., Anderhub, H., Ao, L., Arefiev, A., Azzarello, P., Babucci, E., Baldini, L., Basile, M., Barancourt, D., Barao, F., Barbier, G., Barreira, G., Battiston, R., Becker, R., Becker, U., Bellagamba, L., B´ en´ e, P., Berdugo, J., Berges, P., Bertucci, B., Biland, A., Bizzaglia, S., Blasko, S., Boella, G., Boschini, M., Bourq...

work page doi:10.1016/s0370-2693(00)00588-8 2000
[15]

The Astrophysical Journal614(2), 1113–1123 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1086/423801

Mizuno, T., Kamae, T., Godfrey, G., Handa, T., Thompson, D.J., Lauben, D., Fukazawa, Y., Ozaki, M.: Cosmic-Ray Background Flux Model Based on a Gamma-Ray Large Area Space TelescopeBalloon Flight Engineering Model. The Astrophysical Journal614(2), 1113–1123 (2004) https://doi.org/10.1086/423801

work page doi:10.1086/423801 2004
[16]

Advances in Space Research36(10), 2012–2020 (2005) https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2004.09.015

Smart, D.F., Shea, M.A.: A review of geomagnetic cutoff rigidities for earth- orbiting spacecraft. Advances in Space Research36(10), 2012–2020 (2005) https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2004.09.015

work page doi:10.1016/j.asr.2004.09.015 2012
[17]

The Astrophysical Journal436, 769 (1994) https://doi.org/10.1086/174951

Golden, R.L., Grimani, C., Kimbell, B.L., Stephens, S.A., Stochaj, S.J., Web- ber, W.R., Basini, G., Bongiorno, F., Massimo Brancaccio, F., Ricci, M., Ormes, J.F., Streitmatter, R.E., Papini, P., Spillantini, P., Brunetti, M.T., Codino, A., Menichelli, M., Salvatori, I., de Pascale, M.P., Morselli, A., Picozza, P.: Observa- tions of Cosmic-Ray Electrons a...

work page doi:10.1086/174951 1994
[18]

Journal of Geophysical Research78(16), 2715–2726 (1973) https://doi.org/10.1029/JA078i016p02715

Armstrong, T.W., Chandler, K.C., Barish, J.: Calculations of neutron flux spectra induced in the Earth’s atmosphere by galactic cosmic rays. Journal of Geophysical Research78(16), 2715–2726 (1973) https://doi.org/10.1029/JA078i016p02715

work page doi:10.1029/ja078i016p02715 1973
[19]

Astroparticle Physics62, 230–240 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2014.10.002

Kole, M., Pearce, M., Mu˜ noz Salinas, M.: A model of the cosmic ray induced atmospheric neutron environment. Astroparticle Physics62, 230–240 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2014.10.002

work page doi:10.1016/j.astropartphys.2014.10.002 2015
[20]

Experimental Astronomy47(3), 273–302 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-019-09624-0

Cumani, P., Hernanz, M., Kiener, J., Tatischeff, V., Zoglauer, A.: Background for a gamma-ray satellite on a low-Earth orbit. Experimental Astronomy47(3), 273–302 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-019-09624-0

work page doi:10.1007/s10686-019-09624-0 2019
[21]

2007, MNRAS, 382, 1833, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12492.x

Sazonov, S., Churazov, E., Sunyaev, R., Revnivtsev, M.: Hard X-ray emission of the Earth’s atmosphere: Monte Carlo simulations. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society377(4), 1726–1736 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1365-2966.2007.11746.x

work page arXiv 2007
[22]

Journal of Geophysical Research79(10), 1309–1320 (1974) https: //doi.org/10.1029/JA079i010p01309

Thompson, D.J.: A three-dimensional study of 30- to 300-MeV atmospheric gamma rays. Journal of Geophysical Research79(10), 1309–1320 (1974) https: //doi.org/10.1029/JA079i010p01309

work page doi:10.1029/ja079i010p01309 1974
[23]

Journal of Geophysical Research 81(16), 2835–2843 (1976) https://doi.org/10.1029/JA081i016p02835

Imhof, W.L., Nakano, G.H., Reagan, J.B.: High-Resolution Measurements of 31 Atmospheric Gamma Rays from a Satellite. Journal of Geophysical Research 81(16), 2835–2843 (1976) https://doi.org/10.1029/JA081i016p02835

work page doi:10.1029/ja081i016p02835 1976
[24]

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy19, 11–17 (1979)

Gurian, I.A., Mazets, E.P., Proskura, M.P., Sokolov, I.A.: Investigation of hard gamma radiation of the atmosphere on Cosmos 461. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy19, 11–17 (1979)

1979
[25]

Journal of Geophysical Research84, 5279–5288 (1979) https://doi.org/ 10.1029/JA084iA09p05279

Ryan, J.M., Jennings, M.C., Radwin, M.D., Zych, A.D., White, R.S.: Atmospheric gamma ray angle and energy distributions from sea level to 3.5 g/cm2 and 2 to 25 MeV. Journal of Geophysical Research84, 5279–5288 (1979) https://doi.org/ 10.1029/JA084iA09p05279 . ADS Bibcode: 1979JGR....84.5279R

work page doi:10.1029/ja084ia09p05279 1979
[26]

Experimen- tal Astronomy36(3), 451–477 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-013-9341-6

Campana, R., Feroci, M., Del Monte, E., Mineo, T., Lund, N., Fraser, G.W.: Background simulations for the Large Area Detector onboard LOFT. Experimen- tal Astronomy36(3), 451–477 (2013) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-013-9341-6 . Accessed 2024-05-22

work page doi:10.1007/s10686-013-9341-6 2013
[27]

Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems7(02) (2021) https://doi

Galg´ oczi, G.,ˇR´ ıpa, J., Campana, R., Werner, N., P´ al, A., Ohno, M., M´ esz´ aros, L., Mizuno, T., Tarcai, N., Torigoe, K., Uchida, N., Fukazawa, Y., Takahashi, H., Nakazawa, K., Hirade, N., Hirose, K., Hisadomi, S., Enoto, T., Odaka, H., Ichinohe, Y., Frei, Z., Kiss, L.: Simulations of expected signal and background of gamma-ray sources by large fie...

work page doi:10.1117/1.jatis.7.2.028004 2021
[28]

[ap8max and ap8min]

Sawyer, D.M., Vette, J.I.: Ap-8 trapped proton environment for solar maximum and solar minimum. [ap8max and ap8min]. Technical report, National Aeronau- tics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD (USA). Goddard Space Flight Center (December 1976). https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7094195

work page arXiv 1976
[29]

Technical report, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD (United States)

Vette, J.I.: The nasa/national space science data center trapped radiation envi- ronment model program, 1964 - 1991. Technical report, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, MD (United States). Goddard Space Flight Center (November 1991). https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6820676

work page arXiv 1964
[30]

The Astrophysical Journal960(1), 87 (2024) https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acfc43

Feng, Z.-K., Liu, H.-B., Xie, F., Feng, H.-B., Mai, Q.-N., Tuo, J.-C., Zhong, Q., Sun, J.-C., He, J., Wang, Y.-H., Liu, Q., Yi, D.-F., Ma, R.-T., Wang, B.-L., Tang, Z.-Y., Zhang, S.-N., Liang, E.-W.: In-orbit Background and Sky Survey Simu- lation Study of POLAR-2/LPD. The Astrophysical Journal960(1), 87 (2024) https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acfc43

work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acfc43 2024
[31]

Journal of Applied Physics138(3), 034504 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0270922

Wang, S., Bruijn, M., Gottardi, L., Nagayoshi, K., Ridder, M., De Wit, M., Gao, J.-R., Cui, W.: Modeling the effects of position dependence in large-absorber x- ray TES microcalorimeters. Journal of Applied Physics138(3), 034504 (2025) https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0270922

work page doi:10.1063/5.0270922 2025
[32]

In: Holland, A.D., Beletic, J.W

Fioretti, V., Bulgarelli, A., Malaguti, G., Bianchin, V., Trifoglio, M., Gianotti, 32 F.: The low Earth orbit radiation environment and its impact on the prompt background of hard x-ray focusing telescopes. In: Holland, A.D., Beletic, J.W. (eds.) High Energy, Optical, and Infrared Detectors for Astronomy V, vol. 8453, p. 845331. SPIE, ??? (2012). https://...

work page doi:10.1117/12.926248 2012
[33]

The Astrophysical Journal909(2), 111 (2021) https: //doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd94c

Lotti, S., D’Andrea, M., Molendi, S., Macculi, C., Minervini, G., Fioretti, V., Laurenza, M., Jacquey, C., Piro, L.: Review of the Particle Background of the Athena X-IFU Instrument. The Astrophysical Journal909(2), 111 (2021) https: //doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd94c

work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd94c 2021
[34]

Nandra, K., Barret, D., Barcons, X., Fabian, A., Herder, J.-W.d., Piro, L., Wat- son, M., Adami, C., Aird, J., Afonso, J.M., Alexander, D., Argiroffi, C., Amati, L., Arnaud, M., Atteia, J.-L., Audard, M., Badenes, C., Ballet, J., Ballo, L., Bamba, A., Bhardwaj, A., Battistelli, E.S., Becker, W., De Becker, M., Behar, E., Bianchi, S., Biffi, V., Bˆ ırzan, ...

work page Pith review doi:10.48550/arxiv.1306.2307 2013
[35]

Astronomische Nachrichten 341(2), 224–235 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.202023782

Barret, D., Decourchelle, A., Fabian, A., Guainazzi, M., Nandra, K., Smith, R., Herder, J.-W.: The Athena space X-ray observa- tory and the astrophysics of hot plasma†. Astronomische Nachrichten 341(2), 224–235 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.202023782 . eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/asna.202023782. Accessed 2026-03-20

work page doi:10.1002/asna.202023782 2020
[36]

International Journal of Radi- ation Biology88(1-2), 171–175 (2012) https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2011

Ivantchenko, A.V., Ivanchenko, V.N., Molina, J.-M.Q., Incerti, S.L.: Geant4 hadronic physics for space radiation environment. International Journal of Radi- ation Biology88(1-2), 171–175 (2012) https://doi.org/10.3109/09553002.2011. 610865

work page doi:10.3109/09553002.2011 2012
[37]

Navaset al.),Phys

Navas, S., Amsler, C., Gutsche, T., Hanhart, C., Hern´ andez-Rey, J.J., Louren¸ co, C., Masoni, A., Mikhasenko, M., Mitchell, R.E., Patrignani, C., Schwanda, C., Spanier, S., Venanzoni, G., Yuan, C.Z., Agashe, K., Aielli, G., Allanach, B.C., Alvarez-Mu˜ niz, J., Antonelli, M., Aschenauer, E.C., Asner, D.M., Assamagan, K., Baer, H., Banerjee, S., Barnett, ...

work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.110.030001 2024
[38]

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan59, 1–7 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/59.sp1.S1 35

Mitsuda, K., Bautz, M., Inoue, H., Kelley, R.L., Koyama, K., Kunieda, H., Mak- ishima, K., Ogawara, Y., Petre, R., Takahashi, T., Tsunemi, H., White, N.E., Anabuki, N., Angelini, L., Arnaud, K., Awaki, H., Bamba, A., Boyce, K., Brown, G.V., Chan, K.-W., Cottam, J., Dotani, T., Doty, J., Ebisawa, K., Ezoe, Y., Fabian, A.C., Figueroa, E., Fujimoto, R., Fuka...

work page doi:10.1093/pasj/59.sp1.s1 2007
[39]

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan59(sp1), 77–112 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/59.sp1.S77

Kelley, R.L., Mitsuda, K., Allen, C.A., Arsenovic, P., Audley, M.D., Bialas, T.G., Boyce, K.R., Boyle, R.F., Breon, S.R., Brown, G.V., Cottam, J., DiPirro, M.J., Fujimoto, R., Furusho, T., Gendreau, K.C., Gochar, G.G., Gonzalez, O., Hirabayashi, M., Holt, S.S., Inoue, H., Ishida, M., Ishisaki, Y., Jones, C.S., Keski- Kuha, R., Kilbourne, C.A., McCammon, D...

work page doi:10.1093/pasj/59.sp1.s77 2007
[40]

In: Herder, J.-W.A., Takahashi, T., Bautz, M

Kelley, R.L., Akamatsu, H., Azzarello, P., Bialas, T., Boyce, K.R., Brown, G.V., Canavan, E., Chiao, M.P., Costantini, E., DiPirro, M.J., Eckart, M.E., Ezoe, Y., Fujimoto, R., Haas, D., Herder, J.-W., Hoshino, A., Ishikawa, K., Ishisaki, Y., Iyomoto, N., Kilbourne, C.A., Kimball, M.O., Kitamoto, S., Konami, S., Koyama, S., Leutenegger, M.A., McCammon, D.,...

work page doi:10.1117/12.2232509 2016
[41]

ۨzעO. #[8?LϚ ^ [E o[p! k D]og5C첌9Ӌ+l+ 7J<QEKz8

Kilbourne, C.A., Sawada, M., Tsujimoto, M., Angellini, L., Boyce, K.R., Eckart, M.E., Fujimoto, R., Ishisaki, Y., Kelley, R.L., Koyama, S., Leutenegger, M.A., Loewenstein, M., McCammon, D., Mitsuda, K., Nakashima, S., Porter, F.S., Seta, H., Takei, Y., Tashiro, M.S., Terada, Y., Yamada, S., Yamasaki, N.Y.: In-flight calibration of Hitomi Soft X-ray Spectr...

work page doi:10.1093/pasj/ 2018