arxiv: 2605.00888 · v1 · submitted 2026-04-27 · 💻 cs.CV · cs.AI· cs.LG· eess.IV· eess.SP

Recognition: unknown

Selective Correlation Based Knowledge Distillation for Ground Reaction Force Estimation

Eun Som Jeon , Jisoo Lee , Huisu Lim , Omik M. Save , Hyunglae Lee , Pavan Turaga

Authors on Pith no claims yet

Pith reviewed 2026-05-09 21:00 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.CV cs.AIcs.LGeess.IVeess.SP

keywords knowledge distillationground reaction forceinsole sensorswearable sensorsgait analysiscorrelation mapstemporal featuresmodel compression

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The pith

A selective correlation method for knowledge distillation produces compact models that estimate ground reaction forces more accurately from noisy insole sensor data than prior approaches.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper develops a knowledge distillation framework to move ground reaction force estimation from expensive laboratory force plates to portable wearable insole sensors. It extracts correlation maps between teacher and student networks but restricts the maps to features chosen according to their temporal behavior, which reduces the impact of sensor noise and high dimensionality. The resulting smaller student models are tested across multiple walking speeds and window lengths, showing better accuracy than standard distillation or non-distilled baselines while using far less computation. If the approach holds, gait analysis becomes feasible outside labs for routine clinical monitoring and sports applications.

Core claim

The authors introduce Selective Correlation Based Knowledge Distillation (SCKD), which selects features that respect temporal characteristics when constructing correlation maps for transferring knowledge from a large teacher network to a compact student network, and they show through experiments on insole sensor recordings at varied speeds and window sizes that the resulting models outperform existing methods in estimating ground reaction forces.

What carries the argument

Selective Correlation Based Knowledge Distillation (SCKD), a distillation process that restricts correlation-map construction to temporally selected features in order to transfer knowledge efficiently between teacher and student models.

If this is right

Compact student models become practical for real-time processing on portable devices without laboratory force plates.
The same distillation setup can be retrained on recordings taken at multiple speeds and still maintain higher accuracy than baselines.
Interpretability of the transferred knowledge increases because the correlation maps are built only from temporally coherent features.
The method supplies a concrete way to balance model size against estimation error when sensor data are high-dimensional and noisy.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The temporal-selection step inside the correlation maps may transfer usefully to other noisy time-series sensor tasks such as joint-angle prediction or muscle-activity estimation.
If the accuracy gains persist on clinical populations with gait impairments, the approach could support continuous monitoring outside controlled environments.
The framework implicitly suggests that future work could test whether the same selective mechanism improves distillation when the teacher and student differ in architecture rather than just size.

Load-bearing premise

That choosing features according to their temporal properties when building correlation maps improves accuracy and reduces noise effects enough to beat standard distillation for ground reaction force estimation.

What would settle it

Running the same teacher-student pairs on an independent insole-sensor dataset collected at a new range of walking speeds and checking whether the reported accuracy advantage over non-selective distillation disappears.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.00888 by Eun Som Jeon, Huisu Lim, Hyunglae Lee, Jisoo Lee, Omik M. Save, Pavan Turaga.

**Figure 2.** Figure 2: Description for insole sensors, system architecture, and data collection. Insole sensor is organized with whole and partial sensors. We [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_2.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 3.** Figure 3: An example of ground reaction force (GRF) data and its corresponding insole sensor data. Blue and red colored lines in the graph present [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_3.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Results (RMSE) for GRF estimation of Student (blue) and student model distilled by the proposed method (orange), SCKD, using [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_4.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 5.** Figure 5: Analysis (RMSE (×10−2 )) on the number of correlation maps in knowledge transfer. We explore the effects of using different numbers of correlation maps, as shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_5.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 6.** Figure 6: Analysis on λ1 of SCKD [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_6.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 7.** Figure 7: Analysis on λ2 of SCKD. Second, we explore the performance for λ2, a hyperparameter that influences the middle representation. As illustrated in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_7.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 8.** Figure 8: Analysis on λ3 of SCKD. can be utilized to compute M ∈ R b×b . We plot correlation maps using the previous method (M) and the proposed method (G) to compare the learned features across various models. Specifically, we utilize features from intermediate layers of an encoder (E2) and decoder (D1), which are near the middle representation (Middle) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_8.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 9.** Figure 9: Visualization of similarity and correlation maps ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p016_9.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 10.** Figure 10: Illustration of the estimation results from various models for the SW condition. Blue and red colored lines denote ground truth (GRF [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p017_10.png] view at source ↗

**Figure 11.** Figure 11: Illustration of the estimation results from various models for different walking speed conditions. Blue and red colored lines denote [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_11.png] view at source ↗

read the original abstract

Wearable sensor-based human gait analysis holds great promise in healthcare, rehabilitation, clinical diagnosis and monitoring, and sports activities. Specifically, ground reaction force (GRF) provides essential insights into the body's interaction with the ground during movement and is typically measured using instrumented treadmills equipped with force plates. However, such equipment is expensive and restricted to laboratory environments. To enable a more portable solution, wearable insole sensors have been used to measure GRF. These sensors, however, are prone to noise and external interference, which reduces measurement accuracy. Deep learning methodologies could be adopted to address these issues, but they often require significant computing resources to achieve high accuracy, limiting their applicability for real-time analysis on portable devices. To overcome these limitations, we propose Selective Correlation Based Knowledge Distillation (SCKD) for estimating GRF from data collected by insole sensors. Our proposed method utilizes selected features considering temporal characteristics in the process of extracting correlation maps for knowledge transfer, enhancing interpretability and mitigating issues in high dimensional data processing. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the compact models generated by our distillation framework through comparison with existing methods. Various configurations of teacher-student architectures and training approaches are examined based on multiple evaluation criteria, utilizing data collected at different walking speeds and with different window sizes. Experimental results confirm that our approach outperforms existing methods in estimating GRF from wearable insole sensor data. Therefore, our approach offers a reliable and resource-efficient solution for human gait analysis.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

SCKD refines knowledge distillation with selective temporal correlations and demonstrates solid gains on GRF estimation tasks through ablations and multi-condition tests.

read the letter

The paper introduces Selective Correlation Based Knowledge Distillation, or SCKD, which modifies standard knowledge distillation by selecting features based on temporal characteristics when creating correlation maps for transfer. This targets the challenges of noise and high dimensionality in insole sensor data for ground reaction force estimation. What stands out is how they back this up. The full experiments run across different walking speeds and window sizes, with various teacher and student model configurations. They provide RMSE and MAE metrics showing outperformance over existing methods, and the ablations specifically test the selective correlation component to show its contribution. This level of detail makes the central claim verifiable and the approach practical for portable devices. The soft spots are proportionate to the scope. The gains are consistent but not dramatic, which is typical for refinements in this area rather than a complete overhaul. The claim about enhanced interpretability from the selection process is plausible but rests more on the design than on direct measurements of interpretability. Data splits and potential confounds are addressed through the multiple configurations, but external validation on new subjects would strengthen it further if not already included. This work is for the community focused on wearable technologies for gait analysis in healthcare and sports. Readers dealing with resource constraints on edge devices or noisy sensor data would get concrete value from the framework and results. It shows clear thinking through the controlled comparisons and deserves a serious referee to check the details and suggest extensions. I would bring this to a reading group for discussion on applied distillation techniques. I would not cite it in my own papers in the next year unless pursuing similar sensor tasks. It should go to peer review rather than being rejected outright.

Referee Report

0 major / 3 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes Selective Correlation Based Knowledge Distillation (SCKD) to estimate ground reaction force (GRF) from noisy wearable insole sensor data. The core idea is to select features that incorporate temporal characteristics when constructing correlation maps for knowledge transfer from a teacher network to a compact student network. Multiple teacher-student configurations and training regimes are tested on data collected at different walking speeds and window sizes, with the central claim being that the resulting models outperform existing methods in GRF estimation accuracy while remaining suitable for resource-constrained portable devices.

Significance. If the reported results hold, the work offers a practical route to portable, real-time GRF estimation outside laboratory force-plate setups, with direct relevance to clinical gait analysis, rehabilitation, and sports monitoring. The explicit ablation of the selective-correlation step and the use of multiple evaluation criteria (RMSE/MAE across speeds and windows) provide concrete evidence of the method's contribution beyond generic distillation. The approach also addresses high-dimensional sensor noise in a manner that may improve both efficiency and interpretability.

minor comments (3)

Abstract: the outperformance claim is stated without any numerical support (RMSE/MAE values, baselines, or error bars). Although the experimental results section supplies these details, the abstract should include at least one or two key quantitative findings so that the central claim can be assessed at a glance.
Experimental results section: the ablation isolating the selective-correlation component is described as showing consistent gains; it would be helpful to report the exact delta in RMSE/MAE and any statistical significance tests for that ablation to strengthen the causal link to the proposed mechanism.
The manuscript mentions 'various configurations of teacher-student architectures' but does not tabulate the exact network sizes, parameter counts, or inference latencies; adding a compact table with these metrics would better substantiate the resource-efficiency claim.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

0 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive evaluation of our manuscript on Selective Correlation Based Knowledge Distillation for ground reaction force estimation. We appreciate the recognition of the method's practical value for portable, real-time GRF analysis and the recommendation for minor revision. We will prepare a revised version incorporating any minor editorial or presentational improvements.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity

full rationale

The paper presents an empirical ML framework (SCKD) for GRF estimation from insole sensors, with the central claims resting on experimental outperformance via RMSE/MAE metrics, ablations isolating the selective correlation step, and comparisons to external baselines across walking speeds and window sizes. No derivation chain reduces by construction to fitted parameters, self-definitions, or self-citation load-bearing premises; the temporal feature selection for correlation maps is a standard preprocessing choice evaluated externally rather than assumed or renamed as a prediction. The manuscript is self-contained against reported quantitative results without invoking uniqueness theorems or ansatzes from prior author work.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on standard assumptions from the knowledge distillation literature and the effectiveness of temporal feature selection in correlation maps; no free parameters or invented entities are explicitly detailed in the abstract.

axioms (2)

domain assumption Knowledge distillation from a larger teacher model can produce a smaller student model that retains high accuracy on the target task
Invoked implicitly in the description of the teacher-student training framework.
domain assumption Temporal characteristics in time-series sensor data can be captured effectively through selective correlation maps to improve feature transfer
Central to the proposed SCKD method as stated in the abstract.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5589 in / 1391 out tokens · 38895 ms · 2026-05-09T21:00:05.258951+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

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