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arxiv: 2605.24554 · v1 · pith:ZVVZHBJHnew · submitted 2026-05-23 · ❄️ cond-mat.stat-mech · quant-ph

Manipulation of information flow and thermodynamic performance in nonreciprocal quantum dot information engines

Hao Feng , Junjie Liu This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-30 12:07 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.stat-mech quant-ph
keywords nonreciprocal couplingsquantum dot information enginesinter-dot information flowthermodynamic performancesecond law extensioneffective reciprocal mappingquantum thermodynamicselectron-electron coupling
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The pith

Nonreciprocity modulates inter-dot information flow in a double-quantum-dot engine and maps to an equivalent reciprocal system via reparameterization.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines an autonomous information engine consisting of a downstream quantum dot acting as the working substance coupled to two reservoirs and an upstream dot acting as the controller coupled to a single reservoir. By extending the second law of thermodynamics to account for nonreciprocal couplings, the authors show that nonreciprocity significantly modulates the information flow between the dots and thereby supplies a control mechanism. They further establish that this influence is equivalent to that of a reciprocal system after a reparameterization of chemical potentials and the electron-electron coupling strength. The framework also tracks how nonreciprocity alters the engine's thermodynamic performance and operating regime.

Core claim

By extending the second law of thermodynamics to incorporate the effects of nonreciprocal couplings between the dots and their electronic reservoirs, we develop a thermodynamic framework that allows us to demonstrate that nonreciprocity can significantly modulate the inter-dot information flow, thereby providing a robust control mechanism. We show that the influence of nonreciprocity can be equivalently understood through a mapping to an effective reciprocal system upon a reparameterization of chemical potentials and the electron-electron coupling strength. We further analyze the impact of nonreciprocity on the engine's performance and operation regime.

What carries the argument

Mapping of the nonreciprocal double-dot system to an effective reciprocal system by reparameterizing chemical potentials and electron-electron coupling strength.

If this is right

  • Nonreciprocity supplies a robust control mechanism for inter-dot information flow.
  • The engine performance and operation regime can be modulated beyond what reciprocal configurations allow.
  • The mapping simplifies analysis by reducing the nonreciprocal case to an equivalent reciprocal problem.
  • Nonreciprocal coupling functions as an effective design knob for optimizing quantum dot information engines.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The reparameterization technique could be tested by comparing measured currents across a range of coupling asymmetries in fabricated double-dot devices.
  • Similar mappings might apply to other autonomous quantum engines that incorporate nonreciprocal reservoir couplings.
  • The control offered by nonreciprocity could be combined with gate-voltage tuning to achieve finer performance adjustments.

Load-bearing premise

The extension of the second law of thermodynamics to nonreciprocal couplings between the dots and their electronic reservoirs is valid and permits the claimed mapping to an effective reciprocal system.

What would settle it

A direct computation of steady-state information currents in the nonreciprocal setup that fails to match the currents obtained from the reparameterized reciprocal system after adjusting chemical potentials and coupling strength.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.24554 by Hao Feng, Junjie Liu.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Schematic representation of the cycle decomposi [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Local entropy production rates as functions of the bare electron-electron coupling strength [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Steady-state information flow [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Thermodynamic efficiency [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Power output [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: FIG. 6. Information-to-work conversion efficacy [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_6.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Quantum information engines leverage information as a thermodynamic resource to facilitate energy conversion. In the operation of such engines, the information flow between the working substance and the controller is pivotal, however, strategies for its efficient manipulation remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigate an autonomous information engine based on a double-quantum-dot setup, where a downstream dot coupled to two reservoirs acts as the working substance, and an upstream dot coupled to a single reservoir serves as the controller. By extending the second law of thermodynamics to incorporate the effects of nonreciprocal couplings between the dots and their electronic reservoirs, we develop a thermodynamic framework that allows us to demonstrate that nonreciprocity can significantly modulate the inter-dot information flow, thereby providing a robust control mechanism. We show that the influence of nonreciprocity can be equivalently understood through a mapping to an effective reciprocal system upon a reparameterization of chemical potentials and the electron-electron coupling strength. We further analyze the impact of nonreciprocity on the engine's performance and operation regime. Our findings establish nonreciprocal coupling as an effective control knob for designing and optimizing quantum dot information engines, surpassing the capabilities of conventional reciprocal configurations.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript studies an autonomous quantum-dot information engine consisting of an upstream controller dot (coupled to one reservoir) and a downstream working-substance dot (coupled to two reservoirs). By extending the second law to nonreciprocal dot-reservoir couplings, the authors claim that nonreciprocity modulates inter-dot information flow and that the nonreciprocal dynamics are exactly equivalent to those of a reciprocal system after a reparameterization of the chemical potentials and the inter-dot Coulomb interaction. They further examine how nonreciprocity affects engine performance and the range of operating regimes.

Significance. If the claimed extension of the second law is rigorously justified and the mapping preserves both information flow and thermodynamic quantities without additional constraints, the work would identify nonreciprocal coupling as a tunable control parameter that can outperform conventional reciprocal designs. The mapping itself would be a useful reduction if shown to hold identically.

major comments (2)
  1. [Section deriving the extended second law] The extension of the second law (the section deriving the modified entropy-production expression) must demonstrate that the non-negativity condition continues to hold for arbitrary nonreciprocity parameters without imposing extra constraints on the transition rates; the abstract states the extension is performed, but the load-bearing step is whether the derivation yields a consistent thermodynamic potential that reduces identically under the reparameterization.
  2. [Section on the mapping to effective reciprocal system] The mapping to an effective reciprocal system (the section presenting the reparameterization of chemical potentials and electron-electron coupling) must be shown to leave the information-flow term and the entropy-production expression invariant; any implicit assumption about local detailed balance or the functional form of the rates would invalidate the claimed equivalence.
minor comments (2)
  1. Notation for the nonreciprocity parameters should be introduced with an explicit definition before being used in the thermodynamic relations.
  2. Figure captions should state whether the plotted quantities are obtained analytically or numerically and which parameter values are held fixed.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thorough review and valuable comments, which help clarify the presentation of our results. Below we respond point-by-point to the major comments. We will revise the manuscript to strengthen the explicit demonstrations requested.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Section deriving the extended second law] The extension of the second law (the section deriving the modified entropy-production expression) must demonstrate that the non-negativity condition continues to hold for arbitrary nonreciprocity parameters without imposing extra constraints on the transition rates; the abstract states the extension is performed, but the load-bearing step is whether the derivation yields a consistent thermodynamic potential that reduces identically under the reparameterization.

    Authors: The entropy-production expression is obtained directly from the standard Markovian form Σ = Σ_{i,j} W_{ij} p_j ln(W_{ij} p_j / W_{ji} p_i), which is nonnegative for any choice of rates W_{ij} (including nonreciprocal dot-reservoir couplings) by the properties of the logarithm; no additional constraints on the rates are imposed beyond those already required for a valid master equation. The thermodynamic potential is constructed from the same rates and chemical potentials, so that under the reparameterization it reduces identically by algebraic substitution. To make this fully explicit we will add a short subsection that (i) states the non-negativity proof for arbitrary nonreciprocity and (ii) verifies the identical reduction of the potential. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Section on the mapping to effective reciprocal system] The mapping to an effective reciprocal system (the section presenting the reparameterization of chemical potentials and electron-electron coupling) must be shown to leave the information-flow term and the entropy-production expression invariant; any implicit assumption about local detailed balance or the functional form of the rates would invalidate the claimed equivalence.

    Authors: The reparameterization is defined so that the steady-state occupation probabilities, the inter-dot transition rates, and therefore the information-flow term (mutual-information rate) are numerically identical in the original and mapped systems. Because the rates continue to satisfy local detailed balance with respect to the reparameterized reservoir chemical potentials, the entropy-production expression is likewise invariant by direct substitution. We will insert an explicit verification (in the main text or a short appendix) that both the information-flow term and the full entropy-production expression remain unchanged under the mapping, without invoking any special functional form beyond the standard Fermi-Dirac rates used throughout the paper. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: derivation relies on explicit extension of second law and reparameterization mapping without self-referential reduction

full rationale

No load-bearing step reduces to its own inputs by construction. The abstract and described framework introduce an extension of the second law to nonreciprocal couplings as a premise, then derive modulation of information flow and an equivalent mapping via reparameterization of chemical potentials and Coulomb strength. This mapping is presented as an interpretive equivalence rather than a tautological redefinition of the original quantities. No equations are shown that define a performance metric in terms of a fitted parameter later called a prediction, no self-citation chain justifies the uniqueness or the second-law extension, and no ansatz is smuggled via prior work. The derivation chain therefore remains self-contained against external thermodynamic benchmarks.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract only; no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are stated.

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discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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    Note that here we work with reciprocal dot- reservoir interaction, as manifested by the identical tun- neling rate Γ for both the 0→1 and 1→0 transitions on theXdot

    the dot, conditioned on the fixed stateyof the working substance being fixed, are respec- tively given by W y 10 = Γfy, W y 01 = Γ(1−f y),(2) where Γ is the tunneling rate between theXdot and its reservoir.f y ={1 + exp[(ϵ X +yU−µ D)/TX]}−1 is an effective Fermi-Dirac distribution modulated by electron- electron coupling, which isy-state dependent because...

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    ln α(R) x α(L) x − ∆µ TY # +J(C)

    Model and thermodynamics From the preceding discussion, we see that the transi- tion rates between states are rigidly constrained by LDB. This condition reflects the reciprocal nature of the sys- tem’s coupling to equilibrium reservoirs with fixed tem- peratures and chemical potentials. Here, we relax this re- ciprocal restriction and systematically explo...

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    For later convenience, we refer to the mapped system as the effective reciprocal system

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    The transition sequence is (x,0) R − →(x,1) L − →(x,0)

    Thermodynamic affinity for local cyclesC 0/1 Y We first consider the local cycleC x Y , which corresponds to an electron entering the working substance (Ydot) from the right reservoir and subsequently leaving to the left reservoir, while the controller (Xdot) remains in a fixed statex∈ {0,1}. The transition sequence is (x,0) R − →(x,1) L − →(x,0). Using t...

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    This cycle involves transitions of both dots and the exchange of energy and information

    Thermodynamic affinity for the global cycleC Next, we evaluate the thermodynamic affinity for the global cycleC, which follows the path (0,0)→(1,0)→ (1,1)→(0,1)→(0,0). This cycle involves transitions of both dots and the exchange of energy and information. The definition for the associated thermodynamic affinity is given by F(C)≡ln W 0 10W 10,(L) 1 W 1 01...

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    Evaluating local entropy production rates We now turn to local entropy production rates asso- ciated with each dot. The local environmental entropy production rate for the controller (Xdot) depends solely on the X-only transitions along the global cycle, ˙SX r =J(C) ln W 0 10W 1 01 W 0 01W 1 10 =J(C) ln γ0 γ1 + U TX .(A9) 14 By inserting the continuous in...

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