Pith. sign in

REVIEW 1 major objections 2 minor 162 references

Extreme Transients in Gamma Rays

T0 review · 1 major / 2 minor · reviewed 2026-06-28 · grok-4.3

Challenge this review Re-run · record.json Download PDF Read on arXiv ↗ Review JSON

Pith's one-line read Extreme gamma-ray transients are powered by rapid energy release through shocks and magnetic reconnection and probe fundamental limits on particle acceleration.

desk verdict This is a review compiling known extreme gamma-ray transients with no new results or derivations. read the letter →

arxiv 2605.31089 v1 pith:MXMEZNP3 submitted 2026-05-29 astro-ph.HE

Daniela Hadasch , Dmitriy Khangulyan This is my paper · ORCID
classification astro-ph.HE
keywords gamma-raytransientsextremevariabilityparticleaccelerationburstsmagneticreconnectionnovaejetsCrabNebula
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

The pith

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The reading

This review paper defines extreme gamma-ray transients as events detected above 100 MeV that either involve catastrophic transformations of systems like stellar explosions or mergers or show particle acceleration in extreme regimes. It establishes that these transients feature rapid large-amplitude variability and physical conditions near limits on acceleration, cooling, and compactness. The central mechanisms are the rapid release of gravitational, magnetic, nuclear or kinetic energy, with shocks and magnetic reconnection producing ultra-relativistic particles and non-thermal radiation. A sympathetic reader cares because the events supply concrete diagnostics, such as variability timescales and spectral evolution, that constrain the size, magnetization and Lorentz factor of the emitting regions. The paper reviews classes including gamma-ray bursts, novae, variable jets and Crab Nebula flares along with the roles of space and ground-based instruments.

What carries the argument

The authors' definition of extreme events as those involving catastrophic system transformations or particle acceleration in an extreme regime, with shocks and magnetic reconnection as the central energy-release mechanisms.

What would settle it

A well-observed transient showing rapid large-amplitude variability above 100 MeV but with neither catastrophic system change nor clear signatures of extreme-regime acceleration would fall outside the defined classes and challenge the framework.

Watch

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper claims that extreme transients such as gamma-ray bursts, novae, rapidly variable emission from jets, and flaring from the Crab Nebula share the property of being powered by rapid energy release, with shocks and magnetic reconnection playing the central role in producing ultra-relativistic particle populations; observational diagnostics including variability timescales, luminosity-timescale correlations, and MeV-TeV spectral evolution constrain the emitting region's properties, and these events together form the landscape of extreme gamma-ray variability.

Load-bearing premise

The categorization of events as extreme rests on the authors' chosen threshold of either catastrophic system transformation or evidence of particle acceleration in an extreme regime.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

  • Variability timescales directly limit the size of the emitting region.
  • Luminosity-timescale correlations and spectral evolution across the MeV-TeV range constrain magnetization and Lorentz factor.
  • Complementary observations from space-borne instruments and ground-based Cherenkov and air-shower arrays are required to capture short-lived high-energy outbursts.
  • Each class of flare poses distinct challenges for models of energy release and particle acceleration.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • The framework may guide target selection for coordinated multi-messenger campaigns that search for neutrinos or gravitational waves from the same events.
  • If the same reconnection physics operates across the listed classes, similar polarization signatures should appear in the brightest flares.
  • Future instruments with improved sensitivity to short timescales could reveal whether additional source types belong in the extreme category.
Share X Bluesky LinkedIn Reddit HN

Signed reviews

No signed human review yet.

Request a human review

A listed scientist reviews the paper for a fee and the review publishes here regardless of verdict. See the reviewers or get listed.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit.

Referee Report

1 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a review of extreme gamma-ray transients detected above ~100 MeV. It defines extreme events as those involving catastrophic transformations of astrophysical systems (stellar explosions, compact-object mergers, tidal-disruption events) or particle acceleration operating near fundamental limits. The review summarizes diagnostics for emitting-region size, magnetization, and Lorentz factor (variability timescales, luminosity-timescale correlations, MeV-TeV spectral evolution), reviews space- and ground-based instrument capabilities, and discusses source classes including gamma-ray bursts, novae, extragalactic and Galactic jets, and Crab Nebula flares, with shocks and magnetic reconnection identified as central mechanisms.

Significance. If the source selection and cited literature are accurate and reasonably complete, the review provides a coherent synthesis that connects disparate transient phenomena through shared themes of compactness, rapid variability, and extreme particle acceleration. This framing may assist interpretation of data from Fermi-LAT, CTA, and similar facilities. The paper explicitly states its scope and relies on established results rather than new derivations or predictions.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract and definition section] Abstract and opening paragraphs on definition: the categorization of events as 'extreme' rests on the authors' chosen threshold (catastrophic system transformation or evidence of particle acceleration in an extreme regime). This threshold directly determines which sources are included; without quantitative bounds (e.g., minimum Lorentz factor, compactness parameter, or variability timescale), the selection risks appearing ad hoc and affects the review's claimed landscape of extreme variability.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Instrument capabilities paragraph] The discussion of instrument capabilities would benefit from explicit mention of energy thresholds and effective areas for the cited observatories to allow readers to assess detection prospects for short-lived events.
  2. [Crab Nebula flares subsection] Ensure that the Crab flare discussion distinguishes between the nebula's steady emission and the flaring component when citing compactness arguments.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their positive assessment and recommendation for minor revision. We address the major comment point by point below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract and definition section] Abstract and opening paragraphs on definition: the categorization of events as 'extreme' rests on the authors' chosen threshold (catastrophic system transformation or evidence of particle acceleration in an extreme regime). This threshold directly determines which sources are included; without quantitative bounds (e.g., minimum Lorentz factor, compactness parameter, or variability timescale), the selection risks appearing ad hoc and affects the review's claimed landscape of extreme variability.

    Authors: We agree that the definition is qualitative and that explicit quantitative examples would reduce any perception of ad hoc selection. The manuscript's scope is intentionally framed around physically motivated categories (catastrophic events or extreme acceleration) rather than fixed numerical cuts, because the relevant thresholds vary across source classes and are quantified via the diagnostics discussed later in the text. To address the concern, we will revise the abstract and definition paragraphs to incorporate illustrative quantitative bounds drawn from the cited literature (e.g., variability timescales implying compactness parameters l ≳ 10^3 for GRBs, or Lorentz factors Γ ≳ 100 for certain blazar flares). This addition will clarify the selection criteria while preserving the review's unifying framework and source list. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged · score 0.0 of 10

No significant circularity

full rationale

This is a review paper whose central content is a definitional scoping of 'extreme' transients (events above ~100 MeV involving catastrophic system change or particle acceleration near fundamental limits) followed by a summary of established observational classes drawn from the cited literature. No derivations, equations, predictions, or fitted quantities are introduced; the text contains no load-bearing steps that reduce to self-definition, fitted-input renaming, or self-citation chains. The chosen threshold is presented explicitly as an organizing criterion rather than a derived result, and all physical diagnostics (variability timescales, compactness arguments, roles of shocks/reconnection) are attributed to prior external work. The paper is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks with no internal circularity.

Assumptions & free parameters 0 free parameters · 0 assumptions · 0 invented entities

This is a review paper; no new free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are introduced by the authors.

how reviews work

0 comments
Cite this review

Pith. "Pith review of Extreme Transients in Gamma Rays." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/MXMEZNP3

@misc{pith2026260531089,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Extreme Transients in Gamma Rays},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/MXMEZNP3}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:2605.31089}
}
read the original abstract

Extreme gamma-ray transients represent some of the most energetic and physically constraining phenomena in high-energy astrophysics. They are characterized by rapid, large-amplitude variability and by physical conditions approaching fundamental limits on particle acceleration, cooling, and compactness. In this review, we focus on transients detected above around 100 MeV and define extreme events as either those involving catastrophic transformations of astrophysical systems (such as stellar explosions, compact-object mergers, and tidal-disruption events) or those exhibiting evidence for particle acceleration operating in an extreme regime. These systems are powered by the rapid release of gravitational, magnetic, nuclear, or kinetic energy, with shocks and magnetic reconnection playing a central role in producing ultra-relativistic particle populations and non-thermal radiation. We summarize observational and theoretical diagnostics that constrain the size, magnetization, and Lorentz factor of the emitting region, including variability timescales, luminosity-timescale correlations, and spectral evolution across the MeV-TeV domain. We further review the complementary capabilities of space-borne gamma-ray instruments, ground-based Cherenkov and air-shower observatories in detecting short-lived, high-energy outbursts. Extreme transient classes discussed include gamma-ray bursts, novae, rapidly variable emission from extragalactic and Galactic jets. Also, because of its extreme aspects, we include flaring emission detected from the Crab Nebula. While each type of these flares poses interesting challenges for phenomenology and theory of these sources, together, these events form the landscape of extreme gamma-ray variability.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.31089 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. A sketch that illustrates the factors contributing to the e [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Left: Comparison of the spectrum from RS Ophiuchi with spectra of other Fermi-LAT-detected novae. Right: Total energy versus the duration of the RS Ophiuchi outburst compared to other novae detected with the Fermi-LAT. Figures taken from [75]. the absence of such extended emission would place important con￾straints on particle escape efficiencies and diffusion properties in nova environments. In this context, indivi… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. The enhancement fraction associated with MP-GRPs as a function of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p022_3.png] view at source ↗
Figures from the paper (1 more)
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Synchrotron (green), IC (purple), and total (black) model spectra of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_4.png]

Discussion (0). Continue with ORCID to comment.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

162 extracted references · 150 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    Gehrels, Gamma Ray Transients, in: M

    N. Gehrels, Gamma Ray Transients, in: M. Matsuoka, N. Kawai (Eds.), All-Sky X-Ray Observations in the Next Decade, 1997, p. 21

    1997

  2. [2]

    Simultaneous X-Ray and TeV Gamma-Ray Observations of the TeV Blazar Markarian 421 during February and May 2000

    H. Krawczynski, R. Sambruna, A. Kohnle et al., Simultaneous X-Ray and TeV Gamma-Ray Observation of the TeV Blazar 24 Markarian 421 during 2000 February and May, ApJ559 (1) (2001) 187–195. arXiv:astro-ph/0105331, doi:10.1086/ 322364

    work page Pith review arXiv 2001

  3. [3]

    Very High Energy Gamma-ray Radiation from the Stellar-mass Black Hole Cygnus X-1

    J. Albert, E. Aliu, H. Anderhub et al., Very High Energy Gamma- Ray Radiation from the Stellar Mass Black Hole Binary Cygnus X-1, ApJ665 (1) (2007) L51–L54. arXiv:0706.1505, doi: 10.1086/521145

    work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.1086/521145 2007

  4. [4]

    Fermi LAT Collaboration, A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann et al., Modulated High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Mi- croquasar Cygnus X-3, Science 326 (5959) (2009) 1512. doi: 10.1126/science.1182174

    work page doi:10.1126/science.1182174 2009

  5. [5]

    Episodic Transient Gamma-Ray Emission from the Microquasar Cygnus X-1

    S. Sabatini, M. Tavani, E. Striani et al., Episodic Transient Gamma-ray Emission from the Microquasar Cygnus X-1, ApJ712 (1) (2010) L10–L15. arXiv:1002.4967, doi:10. 1088/2041-8205/712/1/L10

    work page Pith review arXiv 2010

  6. [8]

    A. A. Vigliano, F. Longo, Gamma-ray Bursts: 50 Years and Counting!, Universe 10 (2) (2024) 57. doi:10.3390/ universe10020057

    2024

  7. [9]

    The NuSTAR view on Hard-TeV BL Lacs

    L. Costamante, G. Bonnoli, F. Tavecchio, G. Ghisellini, G. Tagli- aferri, D. Khangulyan, The NuSTAR view on hard-TeV BL Lacs, MNRAS477 (3) (2018) 4257–4268. arXiv:1711.06282, doi:10.1093/mnras/sty857

    work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sty857 2018

  8. [10]

    F. A. Aharonian, M. V . Barkov, D. Khangulyan, Scenarios for Ultrafast Gamma-Ray Variability in AGN, ApJ841 (1) (2017) 61. arXiv:1704.08148,doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7049

    work page Pith review arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7049 2017

Show all 162 references
  1. [11]

    Willingale, P

    R. Willingale, P. Mészáros, Gamma-Ray Bursts and Fast Tran- sients. Multi-wavelength Observations and Multi-messenger Sig- nals, Space Sci. Rev.207 (1-4) (2017) 63–86. doi:10.1007/ s11214-017-0366-4

    2017

  2. [12]

    Chomiuk, B

    L. Chomiuk, B. D. Metzger, K. J. Shen, New Insights into Classical Novae, ARA&A59 (2021) 391–444. arXiv:2011. 08751,doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-114502

    2021 doi

  3. [13]

    Carosi, A

    A. Carosi, A. López-Oramas, A Very-High-Energy Gamma- Ray View of the Transient Sky, Universe 10 (4) (2024) 163. arXiv:2404.17480,doi:10.3390/universe10040163

    2024 doi

  4. [14]

    S. E. Woosley, Gamma-Ray Bursts from Stellar Mass Accretion Disks around Black Holes, ApJ405 (1993) 273. doi:10.1086/ 172359

    1993

  5. [15]

    Eichler, M

    D. Eichler, M. Livio, T. Piran, D. N. Schramm, Nucleosynthesis, neutrino bursts and γ-rays from coalescing neutron stars, Na- ture340 (6229) (1989) 126–128.doi:10.1038/340126a0

    1989 doi

  6. [16]

    J. G. Hills, Possible power source of Seyfert galaxies and QSOs, Nature254 (5498) (1975) 295–298.doi:10.1038/254295a0

    1975 doi

  7. [17]

    M. J. Rees, Tidal disruption of stars by black holes of 106-108 solar masses in nearby galaxies, Nature333 (6173) (1988) 523– 528.doi:10.1038/333523a0

    1988 doi

  8. [18]

    Starrfield, J

    S. Starrfield, J. W. Truran, W. M. Sparks, G. S. Kutter, CNO Abundances and Hydrodynamic Models of the Nova Outburst, ApJ176 (1972) 169.doi:10.1086/151619

    1972 doi

  9. [19]

    Thompson, R

    C. Thompson, R. C. Duncan, The soft gamma repeaters as very strongly magnetized neutron stars - I. Radiative mechanism for outbursts, MNRAS275 (2) (1995) 255–300. doi:10.1093/ mnras/275.2.255

    1995

  10. [20]

    T. W. Speiser, Particle Trajectories in Model Current Sheets, 1, Analytical Solutions, J. Geophys. Res.70 (17) (1965) 4219–4226. doi:10.1029/JZ070i017p04219

    1965 doi

  11. [21]

    A. R. Bell, The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts - I., MNRAS182 (1978) 147–156. doi:10.1093/mnras/182.2. 147

    1978 doi

  12. [22]

    A. M. Hillas, The Origin of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays, ARA&A22 (1984) 425–444. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.22. 090184.002233

    1984 doi

  13. [23]

    L. O. Drury, REVIEW ARTICLE: An introduction to the theory of diffusive shock acceleration of energetic particles in tenuous plasmas, Reports on Progress in Physics 46 (8) (1983) 973–1027. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/46/8/002

    1983 doi

  14. [24]

    F. A. Aharonian, S. R. Kelner, A. Y . Prosekin, Angular, spectral, and time distributions of highest energy protons and associated secondary gamma rays and neutrinos propagating through ex- tragalactic magnetic and radiation fields, Phys. Rev. D82 (4) (2010) 043002. arXiv:1006...

    2010 doi arXiv

  15. [25]

    J. L. Elliot, S. L. Shapiro, On the Variability of the Compact Non- thermal Sources, ApJ192 (1974) L3.doi:10.1086/181575

    1974 doi

  16. [27]

    P. W. Guilbert, A. C. Fabian, M. J. Rees, Spectral and variability constraints on compact sources, MNRAS205 (1983) 593–603. doi:10.1093/mnras/205.3.593

    1983 doi

  17. [28]

    Aharonian, A

    F. Aharonian, A. G. Akhperjanian, A. R. Bazer-Bachi et al., An Exceptional Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Flare of PKS 2155-304, ApJ664 (2) (2007) L71–L74. arXiv:0706.0797, doi:10.1086/520635

    2007 doi arXiv

  18. [29]

    Aleksi ´c, L

    J. Aleksi ´c, L. A. Antonelli, P. Antoranz et al., Rapid and multiband variability of the TeV bright active nucleus of the galaxy IC 310, A&A563 (2014) A91. arXiv:1305.5147, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321938

    2014 doi arXiv

  19. [30]

    Ackermann, M

    M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, A. Albert et al., The Spectrum of Isotropic Diffuse Gamma-Ray Emission between 100 MeV and 820 GeV, ApJ799 (1) (2015) 86. arXiv:1410.3696, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/799/1/86. 25

    2015 doi arXiv

  20. [31]

    Aharonian, Next generation of IACT arrays: sci- entific objectives versus energy domains, arXiv e-prints (2005) astro–ph/0511139arXiv:astro-ph/0511139, doi:10

    F. Aharonian, Next generation of IACT arrays: sci- entific objectives versus energy domains, arXiv e-prints (2005) astro–ph/0511139arXiv:astro-ph/0511139, doi:10. 48550/arXiv.astro-ph/0511139

    2005

  21. [32]

    den Herder, J. W. et al., [COMPTEL: Instrument description and performance], Tech. Rep. NTRS 19920012642, NASA, nASA Technical Reports Server (1992). URLhttps://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19920012642

    1992

  22. [33]

    D. J. Thompson, C. A. Wilson-Hodge, Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, in: C. Bambi, A. Sangangelo (Eds.), Handbook of X-ray and Gamma-ray Astrophysics, Springer, 2022, p. 29. doi: 10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_58-1

    2022 doi

  23. [34]

    Tavani, G

    M. Tavani, G. Barbiellini, A. Argan et al., The AGILE Mission, A&A502 (3) (2009) 995–1013. arXiv:0807.4254, doi:10. 1051/0004-6361/200810527

    2009

  24. [35]

    Aleksi ´c, S

    J. Aleksi ´c, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli et al., The major upgrade of the MAGIC telescopes, Part II: A performance study using observations of the Crab Nebula, Astroparticle Physics 72 (2016) 76–94. arXiv:1409.5594, doi:10.1016/ j.astropartphys.2015.02.005

    2016 arXiv

  25. [36]

    Aharonian, A

    F. Aharonian, A. G. Akhperjanian, A. R. Bazer-Bachi et al., Observations of the Crab nebula with HESS, A&A457 (3) (2006) 899–915. arXiv:astro-ph/0607333, doi:10.1051/ 0004-6361:20065351

    2006 arXiv

  26. [37]

    van Eldik, M

    C. van Eldik, M. Holler, D. Berge, D. Zaborov, J.-P. Lenain, V . Marandon, T. Murach, H. Prokoph, M. de Naurois, R. D. Parsons, Observations of the Crab Nebula with H.E.S.S. phase II , PoS ICRC2015 (2016) 847.doi:10.22323/1.236.0847

    2016 doi

  27. [38]

    Park, Performance of the VERITAS experiment , PoS ICRC2015 (2016) 771.doi:10.22323/1.236.0771

    N. Park, Performance of the VERITAS experiment , PoS ICRC2015 (2016) 771.doi:10.22323/1.236.0771

    2016 doi

  28. [39]

    Albert, R

    A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez et al., Performance of the HAWC Observatory and TeV Gamma-Ray Measurements of the Crab Nebula with Improved Extensive Air Shower Reconstruc- tion Algorithms, ApJ972 (2) (2024) 144. arXiv:2405.06050, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5f2d

    2024 doi

  29. [40]

    A. U. Abeysekara, A. Albert, R. Alfaro et al., The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory in México: The primary detector, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 1052 (2023) 168253. arXiv:2304.00730, doi:10.1016/ j.nima.2023.168253

    2023

  30. [41]

    Ma, Y .-J

    X.-H. Ma, Y .-J. Bi, Z. Cao, M.-J. Chen, S.-Z. Chen, Y .-D. Cheng, G.-H. Gong, M.-H. Gu, H.-H. He, C. Hou, W.-H. Huang, X.-T. Huang, C. Liu, O. Shchegolev, X.-D. Sheng, Y . Stenkin, C.- Y . Wu, H.-R. Wu, S. Wu, G. Xiao, Z.-G. Yao, S.-S. Zhang, Y . Zhang, X. Zuo, Chapter 1 LHAA...

    2022 doi

  31. [42]

    C. A. Meegan, G. J. Fishman, R. B. Wilson, W. S. Paciesas, G. N. Pendleton, J. M. Horack, M. N. Brock, C. Kouveliotou, Spatial distribution of γ-ray bursts observed by BATSE, Na- ture355 (6356) (1992) 143–145.doi:10.1038/355143a0

    1992 doi

  32. [43]

    Kouveliotou, C

    C. Kouveliotou, C. A. Meegan, G. J. Fishman, N. P. Bhat, M. S. Briggs, T. M. Koshut, W. S. Paciesas, G. N. Pendleton, Identi- fication of Two Classes of Gamma-Ray Bursts, ApJ413 (1993) L101.doi:10.1086/186969

    1993 doi

  33. [44]

    K. S. Kawabata, J. Deng, L. Wang et al., On the Spectrum and Spectropolarimetry of Type Ic Hypernova SN 2003dh/GRB 030329, ApJ593 (1) (2003) L19–L22. arXiv:astro-ph/ 0306155,doi:10.1086/378148

    2003 doi

  34. [45]

    K. Z. Stanek, T. Matheson, P. M. Garnavich, P. Martini, P. Berlind, N. Caldwell, P. Challis, W. R. Brown, R. Schild, K. Krisciunas, M. L. Calkins, J. C. Lee, N. Hathi, R. A. Jansen, R. Windhorst, L. Echevarria, D. J. Eisenstein, B. Pindor, E. W. Olszewski, P. Harding, S. T. Ho...

    2003 doi

  35. [46]

    B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott et al., GW170817: Observa- tion of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral, Phys. Rev. Lett.119 (16) (2017) 161101. arXiv:1710.05832, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101

    2017 doi arXiv

  36. [47]

    Cucchiara, A

    A. Cucchiara, A. J. Levan, D. B. Fox et al., A Photometric Redshift of z ~9.4 for GRB 090429B, ApJ736 (1) (2011) 7. arXiv:1105.4915,doi:10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/7

    2011 doi arXiv

  37. [48]

    Khangulyan, F

    D. Khangulyan, F. Aharonian, A. M. Taylor, Naked Forward Shock Seen in the TeV Afterglow Data of GRB 221009A, ApJ966 (1) (2024) 31. arXiv:2309.00673, doi:10.3847/ 1538-4357/ad3550

    2024

  38. [49]

    E. V . Derishev, V . V . Kocharovsky, V . V . Kocharovsky, TeV pho- tons from gamma-ray bursts, Advances in Space Research 27 (4) (2001) 813–818.doi:10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00126-0

    2001 doi

  39. [50]

    von Kienlin, C

    A. von Kienlin, C. A. Meegan, W. S. Paciesas, P. N. Bhat, E. Bissaldi, M. S. Briggs, E. Burns, W. H. Cleveland, M. H. Gibby, M. M. Giles, A. Goldstein, R. Hamburg, C. M. Hui, D. Kocevski, B. Mailyan, C. Malacaria, S. Poolakkil, R. D. Preece, O. J. Roberts, P. Veres, C. A. Wils...

    2020 doi

  40. [51]

    Ajello, M

    M. Ajello, M. Arimoto, M. Axelsson et al., A Decade of Gamma- Ray Bursts Observed by Fermi-LAT: The Second GRB Catalog, ApJ878 (1) (2019) 52. arXiv:1906.11403, doi:10.3847/ 1538-4357/ab1d4e

    2019 arXiv

  41. [52]

    Foffano, M

    L. Foffano, M. Tavani, TeV Afterglows of Gamma-Ray Bursts: Theoretical Analysis and Prospects for Future Observations, arXiv e-prints (2025) arXiv:2508.04557 arXiv:2508.04557, doi:10.48550/arXiv.2508.04557

    2025 doi

  42. [53]

    MAGIC Collaboration, V . A. Acciari, S. Ansoldi et al., Tera- electronvolt emission from the γ-ray burst GRB 190114C, Na- ture575 (7783) (2019) 455–458. arXiv:2006.07249, doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1750-x

    2019 doi

  43. [54]

    Ajello, M

    M. Ajello, M. Arimoto, M. Axelsson et al., Fermi and Swift Observations of GRB 190114C: Tracing the Evolution of High- energy Emission from Prompt to Afterglow, ApJ890 (1) (2020) 9.arXiv:1909.10605,doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab5b05

    2020 doi

  44. [55]

    MAGIC Collaboration, V . A. Acciari, S. Ansoldi et al., Ob- servation of inverse Compton emission from a long γ-ray burst, Nature575 (7783) (2019) 459–463. arXiv:2006.07251, doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1754-6. 26

    2019 doi

  45. [57]

    H. E. S. S. Collaboration, H. Abdalla, F. Aharonian et al., Reveal- ing x-ray and gamma ray temporal and spectral similarities in the GRB 190829A afterglow, Science 372 (6546) (2021) 1081–1085. arXiv:2106.02510,doi:10.1126/science.abe8560

    2021 doi

  46. [58]

    Chand, P

    V . Chand, P. S. Pal, A. Banerjee, V . Sharma, P. H. T. Tam, X. He, MAGICal GRB 190114C: Implications of Cutoffin the Spectrum at sub-GeV Energies, ApJ903 (1) (2020) 9. arXiv: 1905.11844,doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abb5fc

    2020 doi

  47. [59]

    Abdalla, R

    H. Abdalla, R. Adam, F. Aharonian et al., A very-high- energy component deep in the γ-ray burst afterglow, Na- ture575 (7783) (2019) 464–467. arXiv:1911.08961, doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1743-9

    2019 doi

  48. [61]

    Lesage, P

    S. Lesage, P. Veres, M. S. Briggs et al., Fermi-GBM Discovery of GRB 221009A: An Extraordinarily Bright GRB from Onset to Afterglow, ApJ952 (2) (2023) L42. arXiv:2303.14172, doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ace5b4

    2023 doi

  49. [62]

    LHAASO Collaboration, Z. Cao, F. Aharonian et al., A tera- electron volt afterglow from a narrow jet in an extremely bright gamma-ray burst., Science 380 (6652) (2023) 1390–1396. arXiv:2306.06372,doi:10.1126/science.adg9328

    2023 doi

  50. [64]

    Aharonian, F

    F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali, J. Aschersleben et al., H.E.S.S. Follow-up Observations of GRB 221009A, ApJ946 (1) (2023) L27. arXiv:2303.10558, doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ acc405

    2023 doi

  51. [65]

    K. Abe, S. Abe, A. Abhishek et al., GRB 221009A: Observations with LST-1 of CTAO and Implications for Structured Jets in Long Gamma-Ray Bursts, ApJ988 (2) (2025) L42. arXiv: 2507.03077,doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ade4cf

    2025 doi

  52. [66]

    Axelsson, M

    M. Axelsson, M. Ajello, M. Arimoto et al., GRB 221009A: The B.O.A.T. Burst that Shines in Gamma Rays, ApJS277 (1) (2025) 24. arXiv:2409.04580, doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ ada272

    2025 doi

  53. [67]

    Tatischeff, M

    V . Tatischeff, M. Hernanz, Evidence for Nonlinear Diffusive Shock Acceleration of Cosmic Rays in the 2006 Outburst of the Recurrent Nova RS Ophiuchi, ApJ663 (2) (2007) L101–L104. arXiv:0705.4422,doi:10.1086/520049

    2006 doi arXiv

  54. [68]

    A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello et al., Gamma-Ray Emis- sion Concurrent with the Nova in the Symbiotic Binary V407 Cygni, Science 329 (5993) (2010) 817–821.arXiv:1008.3912, doi:10.1126/science.1192537

    2010 doi arXiv

  55. [69]

    E. Aliu, S. Archambault, T. Arlen et al., VERITAS Observations of the Nova in V407 Cygni, ApJ754 (1) (2012) 77. arXiv: 1205.5287,doi:10.1088/0004-637X/754/1/77

    2012 doi arXiv

  56. [70]

    Franckowiak, P

    A. Franckowiak, P. Jean, M. Wood, C. C. Cheung, S. Buson, Search for gamma-ray emission from Galactic novae with the Fermi -LAT, A&A609 (2018) A120.arXiv:1710.04736, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201731516

    2018 doi arXiv

  57. [71]

    B. E. Schaefer, Comprehensive catalogue of the overall best dis- tances and properties of 402 galactic novae, MNRAS517 (4) (2022) 6150–6169. arXiv:2210.03181, doi:10.1093/ mnras/stac2900

    2022

  58. [72]

    M. L. Ahnen, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli et al., Very high- energy γ-ray observations of novae and dwarf novae with the MAGIC telescopes, A&A582 (2015) A67.arXiv:1508.04902, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526478

    2015 doi arXiv

  59. [73]

    C. C. Cheung, T. J. Johnson, P. Jean, M. Kerr, K. L. Page, J. P. Osborne, A. P. Beardmore, K. V . Sokolovsky, F. Teyssier, S. Ciprini, G. Martí-Devesa, I. Mereu, S. Razzaque, K. S. Wood, S. N. Shore, S. Korotkiy, A. Levina, A. Blumenzweig, Fermi LAT Gamma-ray Detection of the ...

    2021 doi

  60. [74]

    H. E. S. S. Collaboration, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali et al., Time-resolved hadronic particle acceleration in the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi, Science 376 (6588) (2022) 77–80. arXiv: 2202.08201,doi:10.1126/science.abn0567

    2022 doi

  61. [75]

    V . A. Acciari, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli et al., Proton accelera- tion in thermonuclear nova explosions revealed by gamma rays, Nature Astronomy 6 (2022) 689–697. arXiv:2202.07681, doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01640-z

    2022 doi

  62. [76]

    K. Abe, S. Abe, A. Abhishek et al., Detection of RS Oph with LST-1 and modelling of its HE/VHE gamma-ray emission, A&A695 (2025) A152. arXiv:2503.13283, doi:10.1051/ 0004-6361/202452447

    2025

  63. [77]

    Hernanz, V

    M. Hernanz, V . Tatischeff, High Energy Emission of Symbi- otic Recurrent Novae: RS Oph and V407 Cyg, Baltic Astron- omy 21 (2012) 62–67. arXiv:1111.4129, doi:10.1515/ astro-2017-0359

    2012 arXiv

  64. [78]

    Rodrigues, Neutrinos from extreme astrophysical sources, New A Rev.102 (2026) 101747

    X. Rodrigues, Neutrinos from extreme astrophysical sources, New A Rev.102 (2026) 101747. arXiv:2603.10167, doi: 10.1016/j.newar.2026.101747

    2026 doi

  65. [79]

    Bednarek, J

    W. Bednarek, J. Sitarek, Gamma rays from nebulae around re- current novae, Journal of High Energy Astrophysics 38 (2023) 22–31. arXiv:2303.15741, doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2023. 03.004

    2023 doi

  66. [80]

    B. E. Schaefer, The recurrent nova T CrB had prior eruptions observed near December 1787 and October 1217 AD, Journal for the History of Astronomy 54 (4) (2023) 436–455. arXiv: 2308.13668,doi:10.1177/00218286231200492

    2023 doi

  67. [81]

    Schneider, When will the Next T CrB Eruption Occur?, Re- search Notes of the American Astronomical Society 8 (10) (2024) 272.doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ad8bba

    J. Schneider, When will the Next T CrB Eruption Occur?, Re- search Notes of the American Astronomical Society 8 (10) (2024) 272.doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ad8bba. 27

    2024 doi

  68. [82]

    B. E. Schaefer, The B & V light curves for recurrent nova T CrB from 1842-2022, the unique pre- and post-eruption high- states, the complex period changes, and the upcoming eruption in 2025.5 ± 1.3, MNRAS524 (2) (2023) 3146–3165. arXiv: 2303.04933,doi:10.1093/mnras/stad735

    2022 doi

  69. [84]

    I. F. Mirabel, L. F. Rodríguez, A superluminal source in the Galaxy, Nature371 (6492) (1994) 46–48. doi:10.1038/ 371046a0

    1994

  70. [85]

    J. E. McClintock, R. A. Remillard, Black hole binaries, in: W. H. G. Lewin, M. van der Klis (Eds.), Compact stellar X- ray sources, V ol. 39, Cambridge University Press, 2006, Ch. 4, pp. 157–213.doi:10.48550/arXiv.astro-ph/0306213

    2006 doi arXiv

  71. [86]

    R. P. Fender, T. M. Belloni, E. Gallo, Towards a unified model for black hole X-ray binary jets, MNRAS355 (4) (2004) 1105–1118. arXiv:astro-ph/0409360, doi:10.1111/j. 1365-2966.2004.08384.x

    2004 doi arXiv

  72. [87]

    Gallo, R

    E. Gallo, R. P. Fender, G. G. Pooley, A universal radio-X-ray correlation in low/hard state black hole binaries, MNRAS344 (1) (2003) 60–72. arXiv:astro-ph/0305231, doi:10.1046/j. 1365-8711.2003.06791.x

    2003 doi arXiv

  73. [88]

    Corbel, M

    S. Corbel, M. A. Nowak, R. P. Fender, A. K. Tzioumis, S. Markoff, Radio/X-ray correlation in the low/hard state of GX 339-4, A&A400 (2003) 1007–1012. arXiv:astro-ph/ 0301436,doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030090

    2003 doi

  74. [89]

    Ribó, Microquasars, in: J

    M. Ribó, Microquasars, in: J. Romney, M. Reid (Eds.), Fu- ture Directions in High Resolution Astronomy, V ol. 340 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, 2005, p. 269. arXiv:astro-ph/0402134, doi:10.48550/arXiv. astro-ph/0402134

    2005 doi arXiv

  75. [90]

    Corbel, R

    S. Corbel, R. P. Fender, A. K. Tzioumis, J. A. Tomsick, J. A. Orosz, J. M. Miller, R. Wijnands, P. Kaaret, Large-Scale, Decel- erating, Relativistic X-ray Jets from the Microquasar XTE J1550- 564, Science 298 (5591) (2002) 196–199. arXiv:astro-ph/ 0210224,doi:10.1126/science.1075857

    2002 doi

  76. [91]

    Bosch-Ramon, D

    V . Bosch-Ramon, D. Khangulyan, Understanding the Very-High Emission from Microquasars, International Journal of Modern Physics D 18 (3) (2009) 347–387. arXiv:0805.4123, doi: 10.1142/S0218271809014601

    2009 doi arXiv

  77. [92]

    Bordas, V

    P. Bordas, V . Bosch-Ramon, J. M. Paredes, M. Peru- cho, Non-thermal emission from microquasar/ISM interaction, A&A497 (2) (2009) 325–334. arXiv:0903.3293, doi:10. 1051/0004-6361/200810781

    2009 arXiv

  78. [93]

    Bosch-Ramon, M

    V . Bosch-Ramon, M. Perucho, P. Bordas, The termination region of high-mass microquasar jets, A&A528 (2011) A89. arXiv: 1101.5049,doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201016364

    2011 doi arXiv

  79. [94]

    V . M. de la Cita, S. del Palacio, V . Bosch-Ramon, X. Paredes- Fortuny, G. E. Romero, D. Khangulyan, Gamma rays from clumpy wind-jet interactions in high-mass microquasars, A&A604 (2017) A39. arXiv:1701.05028, doi:10.1051/ 0004-6361/201630060

    2017 arXiv

  80. [95]

    Veledina, F

    A. Veledina, F. Muleri, J. Poutanen et al., Cygnus X-3 re- vealed as a Galactic ultraluminous X-ray source by IXPE, Na- ture Astronomy 8 (2024) 1031–1046. arXiv:2303.01174, doi:10.1038/s41550-024-02294-9

    2024 doi

  81. [96]

    F. A. Aharonian, Very high energy cosmic gamma radiation : a crucial window on the extreme Universe, World Scientific, 2004. doi:10.1142/4657

    2004 doi

  82. [97]

    A. M. Hillas, Why is Cygnus X-3 (with related sources) a high- light of cosmic-ray astrophysics?, in: F. C. Jones (Ed.), 19th In- ternational Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC19), V olume 9, V ol. 9 of International Cosmic Ray Conference, 1985, p. 407

    1985

  83. [98]

    H. E. S. S. Collaboration, H. Abdalla, A. Abramowski et al., A search for very high-energy flares from the microquasars GRS 1915+105, Circinus X-1, and V4641 Sgr using contemporaneous H.E.S.S. and RXTE observations, A&A612 (2018) A10. arXiv: 1607.04613,doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527773

    1915 doi arXiv

  84. [99]

    MAGIC Collaboration, M. L. Ahnen, S. Ansoldi et al., Con- straints on particle acceleration in SS433/W50 from MAGIC and H.E.S.S. observations, A&A612 (2018) A14. arXiv: 1707.03658,doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731169

    2018 doi arXiv

  85. [100]

    A. U. Abeysekara, A. Albert, R. Alfaro et al., Very-high-energy particle acceleration powered by the jets of the microquasar SS 433, Nature562 (7725) (2018) 82–85. arXiv:1810.01892, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0565-5

    2018 doi arXiv

  86. [101]

    48550/arXiv.2410.08988

    LHAASO Collaboration, Ultrahigh-Energy Gamma-ray Emis- sion Associated with Black Hole-Jet Systems, arXiv e- prints (2024) arXiv:2410.08988arXiv:2410.08988, doi:10. 48550/arXiv.2410.08988

    2024

  87. [102]

    Alfaro, C

    R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez et al., Spectral Study of Very-high-energy Gamma Rays from SS 433 with HAWC, ApJ976 (1) (2024) 30. arXiv:2410.21796, doi:10. 3847/1538-4357/ad7e1b

    2024

  88. [103]

    H. E. S. S. Collaboration, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali et al., Acceleration and transport of relativistic electrons in the jets of the microquasar SS 433, Science 383 (6681) (2024) 402–406. arXiv:2401.16019,doi:10.1126/science.adi2048

    2024 doi

  89. [104]

    Acharyya, F

    A. Acharyya, F. Aharonian, H. Ashkar et al., Constraining the nature of the most extreme Galactic particle accelerator. H.E.S.S. observations of the microquasar V4641 Sgr, arXiv e-prints (2025) arXiv:2511.10537 arXiv:2511.10537, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2511.10537

    2025 doi

  90. [106]

    J. C. A. Miller-Jones, A. Bahramian, J. A. Orosz, I. Mandel, L. Gou, T. J. Maccarone, C. J. Neijssel, X. Zhao, J. Ziółkowski, M. J. Reid, P. Uttley, X. Zheng, D.-Y . Byun, R. Dodson, V . Grinberg, T. Jung, J.-S. Kim, B. Marcote, S. Markoff, M. J. Rioja, A. P. Rushton, D. M. Ru...

    2021 doi

  91. [107]

    M. L. Ahnen, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli et al., Search for very high-energy gamma-ray emission from the microquasar Cygnus X-1 with the MAGIC telescopes, MNRAS472 (3) (2017) 3474– 3485.arXiv:1708.03689,doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2087

    2017 doi

  92. [108]

    Malyshev, A

    D. Malyshev, A. A. Zdziarski, M. Chernyakova, High-energy gamma-ray emission from Cyg X-1 measured by Fermi and its theoretical implications, MNRAS434 (3) (2013) 2380–2389. arXiv:1305.5920,doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1184

    2013 doi arXiv

  93. [109]

    Albert, R

    A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez et al., HAWC Search for High-mass Microquasars, ApJ912 (1) (2021) L4. arXiv: 2101.08945,doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abf35a

    2021 doi

  94. [110]

    M. J. Reid, J. C. A. Miller-Jones, On the Distances to the X-Ray Binaries Cygnus X-3 and GRS 1915+105, ApJ959 (2) (2023) 85. arXiv:2309.15027,doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acfe0c

    1915 doi

  95. [111]

    C. R. Shrader, L. Titarchuk, N. Shaposhnikov, New Evi- dence for a Black Hole in the Compact Binary Cygnus X- 3, ApJ718 (1) (2010) 488–493. arXiv:1005.5362, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/718/1/488

    2010 doi arXiv

  96. [112]

    A. A. Zdziarski, J. Mikolajewska, K. Belczynski, Cyg X-3: a low-mass black hole or a neutron star., MNRAS429 (2013) L104– L108.arXiv:1208.5455,doi:10.1093/mnrasl/sls035

    2013 doi arXiv

  97. [113]

    K. I. I. Koljonen, T. J. Maccarone, Gemini/GNIRS infrared spectroscopy of the Wolf-Rayet stellar wind in Cygnus X-3, MNRAS472 (2) (2017) 2181–2195. arXiv:1708.04050, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stx2106

    2017 doi arXiv

  98. [114]

    LHAASO Collaboration, Cygnus X-3: A vari- able petaelectronvolt gamma-ray source, arXiv e- prints (2025) arXiv:2512.16638 arXiv:2512.16638, doi:10.48550/arXiv.2512.16638

    2025 doi arXiv

  99. [115]

    Piano, M

    G. Piano, M. Tavani, V . Vittorini et al., The AGILE monitor- ing of Cygnus X-3: transient gamma-ray emission and spec- tral constraints, A&A545 (2012) A110. arXiv:1207.6288, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219145

    2012 doi arXiv

  100. [116]

    Corbel, G

    S. Corbel, G. Dubus, J. A. Tomsick, A. Szostek, R. H. D. Corbet, J. C. A. Miller-Jones, J. L. Richards, G. Pooley, S. Trushkin, R. Dubois, A. B. Hill, M. Kerr, W. Max-Moerbeck, A. C. S. Readhead, A. Bodaghee, V . Tudose, D. Parent, J. Wilms, K. Pottschmidt, A giant radio flare...

    2012 doi arXiv

  101. [117]

    Aleksi´c, L

    J. Aleksi´c, L. A. Antonelli, P. Antoranz et al., Magic Constraints on γ-ray Emission from Cygnus X-3, ApJ721 (1) (2010) 843–

    2010

  102. [118]

    arXiv:1005.0740, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/721/1/ 843

    doi arXiv

  103. [119]

    Archambault, M

    S. Archambault, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow et al., VERITAS Obser- vations of the Microquasar Cygnus X-3, ApJ779 (2) (2013) 150. arXiv:1311.0919,doi:10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/150

    2013 doi arXiv

  104. [120]

    Barrios Jiménez, E

    L. Barrios Jiménez, E. Molina, M. Carretero-Castrillo, J. Be- cerra González, M. Ribó, J. M. Paredes, Results of the his- torical observations of the microquasar Cygnus X-3 with the MAGIC telescopes., in: Proceedings of 39th International Cos- mic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2025...

    2025 doi

  105. [121]

    Piano, P

    G. Piano, P. Munar-Adrover, F. Verrecchia, M. Tavani, S. A. Trushkin, High-energy Gamma-Ray Activity from V404 Cygni Detected by AGILE during the 2015 June Outburst, ApJ839 (2) (2017) 84. arXiv:1703.10085, doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ aa6796

    2015 doi arXiv

  106. [122]

    Harvey, C

    M. Harvey, C. B. Rulten, P. M. Chadwick, V404 Cygni with Fermi-LAT, MNRAS506 (4) (2021) 6029–6038. arXiv:2107. 09395,doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2097

    2021 doi

  107. [123]

    M. L. Ahnen, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli et al., MAGIC ob- servations of the microquasar V404 Cygni during the 2015 out- burst, MNRAS471 (2) (2017) 1688–1693. arXiv:1707.00887, doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1690

    2015 doi

  108. [124]

    Archer, W

    A. Archer, W. Benbow, R. Bird et al., Very High Energy Observa- tions of the Binaries V 404 Cyg and 4U 0115+634 during Giant X-Ray Outbursts, ApJ831 (1) (2016) 113. arXiv:1608.06464, doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/1/113

    2016 doi arXiv

  109. [125]

    Aleksi´c, E

    J. Aleksi´c, E. A. Alvarez, L. A. Antonelli et al., A Search for Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from Scorpius X-1 with the Magic Telescopes, ApJ735 (1) (2011) L5. arXiv:1103.5677, doi:10.1088/2041-8205/735/1/L5

    2011 doi arXiv

  110. [126]

    I. V . Moskalenko, S. Karakula, Light curves of close binaries in TeV energy region, ApJS92 (2) (1994) 567–573. doi:10. 1086/192017

    1994

  111. [127]

    H. E. S. S. Collaboration, A. Abramowski, F. Acero et al., VHE γ-ray emission of PKS 2155-304: spectral and tem- poral variability, A&A520 (2010) A83. arXiv:1005.3702, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014484

    2010 doi arXiv

  112. [128]

    H. E. S. S. Collaboration, A. Abramowski, F. Acero et al., A multiwavelength view of the flaring state of PKS 2155-304 in 2006, A&A539 (2012) A149. arXiv:1201.4135, doi:10. 1051/0004-6361/201117509

    2006 arXiv

  113. [129]

    H. E. S. S. Collaboration, H. Abdalla, A. Abramowski et al., Characterizing the γ-ray long-term variability of PKS 2155-304 with H.E.S.S. and Fermi-LAT, A&A598 (2017) A39. arXiv: 1610.03311,doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629419

    2017 doi arXiv

  114. [130]

    Aharonian, A

    F. Aharonian, A. G. Akhperjanian, G. Anton et al., Simultaneous Observations of PKS 2155-304 with HESS, Fermi, RXTE, and Atom: Spectral Energy Distributions and Variability in a Low State, ApJ696 (2) (2009) L150–L155. arXiv:0903.2924, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/696/2/L150

    2009 doi arXiv

  115. [131]

    Nikoli ´c, G

    L. Nikoli ´c, G. Verna, M. Manganaro, G. Bonnoli, I. Agudo, G. Silvestri, D. Cerasole, F. Schiavone, F. Podobnik, J. Otero-Santos, Recent observations of PKS 2155-304 with MAGIC and LST-1 in a multi-wavelength context, arXiv e- prints (2025) arXiv:2510.04803arXiv:2510.04803, d...

    2025

  116. [132]

    A. M. Bharathan, C. S. Stalin, S. Sahayanathan, B. Mathew, Clues on the X-ray emission mechanism of blazars PKS 2155-304 and 3C 454.3 through polarization studies, Jour- nal of High Energy Astrophysics 50 (2026) 100472. arXiv: 2509.16976,doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2025.100472

    2026 doi

  117. [133]

    Striani, S

    E. Striani, S. Vercellone, M. Tavani et al., The Extraordinary Gamma-ray Flare of the Blazar 3C 454.3, ApJ718 (1) (2010) 455–

    2010

  118. [134]

    arXiv:1005.4891, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/718/1/ 455. 29

    doi arXiv

  119. [135]

    Vercellone, E

    S. Vercellone, E. Striani, V . Vittorini et al., The Brightest Gamma-Ray Flaring Blazar in the Sky: AGILE and Multi- wavelength Observations of 3C 454.3 During 2010 November, ApJ736 (2) (2011) L38. arXiv:1106.5162, doi:10.1088/ 2041-8205/736/2/L38

    2010 arXiv

  120. [136]

    A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello et al., Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope Observations of the Gamma-ray Outburst from 3C454.3 in November 2010, ApJ733 (2) (2011) L26. arXiv: 1102.0277,doi:10.1088/2041-8205/733/2/L26

    2010 doi arXiv

  121. [137]

    Crazy Diamond

    S. Vercellone, F. D’Ammando, V . Vittorini et al., Multiwave- length Observations of 3C 454.3. III. Eighteen Months of Agile Monitoring of the “Crazy Diamond”, ApJ712 (1) (2010) 405–

    2010

  122. [138]

    arXiv:1002.1020, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/712/1/ 405

    doi arXiv

  123. [139]

    R. T. Coogan, A. M. Brown, P. M. Chadwick, Localizing the γ-ray emission region during the 2014 June outburst of 3C 454.3, MNRAS458 (1) (2016) 354–365. arXiv:1601.07180, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw199

    2014 doi arXiv

  124. [140]

    A. K. Das, R. Prince, N. Gupta, Gamma-Ray Flares in the Long- term Light Curve of 3C 454.3, ApJS248 (1) (2020) 8. arXiv: 2003.08266,doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab80c3

    2020 doi

  125. [141]

    Anderhub, L

    H. Anderhub, L. A. Antonelli, P. Antoranz et al., MAGIC upper limits to the VHE gamma-ray flux of 3C 454.3 in high emission state, A&A498 (1) (2009) 83–87. arXiv:0811.1680, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/200811326

    2009 doi arXiv

  126. [142]

    Aleksi´c, L

    J. Aleksi´c, L. A. Antonelli, P. Antoranz et al., Detection of Very High Energy γ-ray Emission from the Perseus Cluster Head-Tail Galaxy IC 310 by the MAGIC Telescopes, ApJ723 (2) (2010) L207–L212. arXiv:1009.2155, doi:10.1088/2041-8205/ 723/2/L207

    2010 doi arXiv

  127. [143]

    M. L. Ahnen, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli et al., First multi- wavelength campaign on the gamma-ray-loud active galaxy IC 310, A&A603 (2017) A25. arXiv:1703.07651, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201630347

    2017 doi

  128. [144]

    Aleksi´c, S

    J. Aleksi´c, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli et al., Black hole light- ning due to particle acceleration at subhorizon scales, Sci- ence 346 (6213) (2014) 1080–1084. arXiv:1412.4936, doi: 10.1126/science.1256183

    2014 doi arXiv

  129. [145]

    J. A. Graham, A. M. Brown, P. M. Chadwick, Fermi-LAT observations of extreme spectral variability in IC 310, MN- RAS485 (3) (2019) 3277–3287. arXiv:1903.07897, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz588

    2019 doi arXiv

  130. [146]

    Giannios, D

    D. Giannios, D. A. Uzdensky, M. C. Begelman, Fast TeV variability in blazars: jets in a jet, MNRAS395 (1) (2009) L29–L33. arXiv:0901.1877, doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933. 2009.00635.x

    2009 doi arXiv

  131. [147]

    Hirotani, H.-Y

    K. Hirotani, H.-Y . Pu, Energetic Gamma Radiation from Rapidly Rotating Black Holes, ApJ818 (1) (2016) 50. arXiv:1512. 05026,doi:10.3847/0004-637X/818/1/50

    2016 doi

  132. [148]

    Levinson, F

    A. Levinson, F. Rieger, Variable TeV Emission as a Mani- festation of Jet Formation in M87?, ApJ730 (2) (2011) 123. arXiv:1011.5319,doi:10.1088/0004-637X/730/2/123

    2011 doi arXiv

  133. [149]

    M. V . Barkov, F. A. Aharonian, V . Bosch-Ramon, Gamma-ray Flares from Red Giant/Jet Interactions in Active Galactic Nuclei, ApJ724 (2) (2010) 1517–1523. arXiv:1005.5252, doi:10. 1088/0004-637X/724/2/1517

    2010 arXiv

  134. [150]

    M. V . Barkov, F. A. Aharonian, S. V . Bogovalov, S. R. Kelner, D. Khangulyan, Rapid TeV Variability in Blazars as a Result of Jet-Star Interaction, ApJ749 (2) (2012) 119.arXiv:1012.1787, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/749/2/119

    2012 doi arXiv

  135. [151]

    A. T. Araudo, V . Bosch-Ramon, G. E. Romero, Gamma rays from cloud penetration at the base of AGN jets, A&A522 (2010) A97. arXiv:1007.2199, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/ 201014660

    2010 doi arXiv

  136. [152]

    A. T. Araudo, V . Bosch-Ramon, G. E. Romero, Gamma-ray emis- sion from massive stars interacting with active galactic nuclei jets, MNRAS436 (4) (2013) 3626–3639. arXiv:1309.7114, doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1840

    2013 doi arXiv

  137. [153]

    Khangulyan, V

    D. Khangulyan, V . Bosch-Ramon, Y . Uchiyama, Inverse Comp- ton emission from relativistic jets in binary systems, MN- RAS481 (2) (2018) 1455–1468. arXiv:1808.09628, doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2356

    2018 doi arXiv

  138. [154]

    H. E. S. S. Collaboration, H. Abdalla, F. Aharonian et al., H.E.S.S. and Suzaku observations of the Vela X pulsar wind nebula, A&A627 (2019) A100. arXiv:1905.07975, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935458

    2019 doi arXiv

  139. [155]

    C. C. Popescu, R. Yang, R. J. Tuffs, G. Natale, M. Rushton, F. Aharonian, A radiation transfer model for the Milky Way: I. Radiation fields and application to high-energy astrophysics, MNRAS470 (3) (2017) 2539–2558. arXiv:1705.06652, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stx1282

    2017 doi arXiv

  140. [156]

    A. M. Atoyan, F. A. Aharonian, On the mechanisms of gamma radiation in the Crab Nebula, MNRAS278 (2) (1996) 525–541. doi:10.1093/mnras/278.2.525

    1996 doi

  141. [157]

    Tavani, A

    M. Tavani, A. Bulgarelli, V . Vittorini et al., Discovery of Powerful Gamma-Ray Flares from the Crab Nebula, Science 331 (6018) (2011) 736. arXiv:1101.2311, doi:10.1126/ science.1200083

    2011 arXiv

  142. [158]

    A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello et al., Gamma-Ray Flares from the Crab Nebula, Science 331 (6018) (2011) 739. arXiv: 1011.3855,doi:10.1126/science.1199705

    2011 doi arXiv

  143. [159]

    Buehler, J

    R. Buehler, J. D. Scargle, R. D. Blandford, L. Baldini, M. G. Baring, A. Belfiore, E. Charles, J. Chiang, F. D’Ammando, C. D. Dermer, S. Funk, J. E. Grove, A. K. Harding, E. Hays, M. Kerr, F. Massaro, M. N. Mazziotta, R. W. Romani, P. M. Saz Parkinson, A. F. Tennant, M. C. Wei...

    2011 doi arXiv

  144. [160]

    Arakawa, M

    M. Arakawa, M. Hayashida, D. Khangulyan, Y . Uchiyama, De- tection of Small Flares from the Crab Nebula with Fermi-LAT, ApJ897 (1) (2020) 33. arXiv:2005.07958, doi:10.3847/ 1538-4357/ab9368

    2020

  145. [161]

    Bühler, R

    R. Bühler, R. Blandford, The surprising Crab pulsar and its nebula: a review, Reports on Progress in Physics 77 (6) (2014) 066901. arXiv:1309.7046, doi:10.1088/0034-4885/77/ 6/066901. 30

    2014 doi arXiv

  146. [162]

    D. A. Uzdensky, B. Cerutti, M. C. Begelman, Reconnection- powered Linear Accelerator and Gamma-Ray Flares in the Crab Nebula, ApJ737 (2) (2011) L40. arXiv:1105.0942, doi:10. 1088/2041-8205/737/2/L40

    2011 arXiv

  147. [163]

    Cerutti, D

    B. Cerutti, D. A. Uzdensky, M. C. Begelman, Extreme Particle Acceleration in Magnetic Reconnection Layers: Application to the Gamma-Ray Flares in the Crab Nebula, ApJ746 (2) (2012)

    2012

  148. [164]

    arXiv:1110.0557, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/ 148

    doi arXiv

  149. [165]

    H. E. S. S. Collaboration, A. Abramowski, F. Aharonian et al., H.E.S.S. observations of the Crab during its March 2013 GeV gamma-ray flare, A&A562 (2014) L4.arXiv:1311.3187, doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201323013

    2013 doi arXiv

  150. [166]

    E. Aliu, S. Archambault, T. Aune et al., A Search for Enhanced Very High Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the 2013 March Crab Nebula Flare, ApJ781 (1) (2014) L11. arXiv:1309.5949, doi:10.1088/2041-8205/781/1/L11

    2013 doi arXiv

  151. [167]

    MAGIC Collaboration, M. L. Ahnen, S. Ansoldi et al., Statis- tics of VHE γ-rays in temporal association with radio giant pulses from the Crab pulsar, A&A634 (2020) A25. arXiv: 1911.00634,doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833555

    2020 doi

  152. [168]

    Enoto, T

    T. Enoto, T. Terasawa, S. Kisaka et al., Enhanced x-ray emis- sion coinciding with giant radio pulses from the Crab Pulsar, Science 372 (6538) (2021) 187–190. arXiv:2104.03492, doi:10.1126/science.abd4659

    2021 doi

  153. [169]

    Mestre, E

    E. Mestre, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, D. Khangulyan, R. Zanin, F. Acero, D. F. Torres, The Crab nebula variability at short time-scales with the Cherenkov telescope array, MNRAS501 (1) (2021) 337–346. arXiv:2011.08586, doi:10.1093/mnras/ staa3599

    2021 doi

  154. [170]

    S. R. Kelner, F. A. Aharonian, D. Khangulyan, On the Jitter Radiation, ApJ774 (1) (2013) 61. arXiv:1304.0493, doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/774/1/61. 31

    2013 doi arXiv

Pith tools

Reviewed June 28, 2026 · model on record in the stance chip above.