Shape-programmable Magnetic Soft Membranes for Mechanically Active Microchannels

Direnc Akyildiz; Fatih Kocabas; Xiangyi Tan; Yunus Alapan

arxiv: 2606.21716 · v1 · pith:RUJHYQABnew · submitted 2026-06-19 · 💻 cs.RO

Shape-programmable Magnetic Soft Membranes for Mechanically Active Microchannels

Direnc Akyildiz , Fatih Kocabas , Xiangyi Tan , Yunus Alapan This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 14:03 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 💻 cs.RO

keywords magnetic soft actuatorsshape-programmable membranesmicrofluidic mixingactive microchannelslaminar flow controlmagnetic programmingsoft roboticsmicromixing

0 comments

The pith

Magnetic soft membranes programmed with templates deform sinusoidally under fields to turn passive microchannel walls into active fluid interfaces.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper develops soft elastomer membranes that receive spatially varying magnetization patterns through a template process. When incorporated as one wall of a microchannel and exposed to an external magnetic field, the membrane bends into a controllable sinusoidal profile. This bending alters the channel cross-section in real time, which perturbs laminar streams and increases contact between fluid components that would otherwise flow side by side without mixing. The result replaces a rigid boundary with a wirelessly addressable one, removing the usual restriction that microfluidic devices can only manipulate fluids through fixed geometry or external pumps. The approach therefore supplies a new route to dynamic control inside lab-on-chip systems.

Core claim

A template-based magnetization method encodes patterns in soft membranes so that a uniform external magnetic field produces repeatable sinusoidal out-of-plane deformation; when the membrane forms part of a microchannel wall, this deformation converts the passive boundary into a moving interface that manipulates fluid streams and raises micromixing efficiency under laminar conditions.

What carries the argument

Template-based magnetic programming that encodes patterns for sinusoidal deformation of soft membranes under external fields.

If this is right

A passive channel wall becomes a wirelessly actuated, shape-changing boundary.
Fluid manipulation and micromixing become possible inside laminar regimes without mechanical pumps or valves.
The membrane can be integrated as a modular component in existing microfluidic layouts.
The same programming method supplies a general platform for other deformable interfaces in lab-on-chip devices.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

Multiple membranes patterned differently could be combined to generate more complex, time-varying flow fields than a single sinusoid allows.
Real-time adjustment of the external field strength or orientation could enable on-demand changes in mixing rate without redesigning the channel.
The wireless nature of the actuation may simplify packaging of portable or implantable microfluidic systems.
Scaling the membrane thickness or magnetization strength could extend the range of achievable deformations for different channel sizes.

Load-bearing premise

The sinusoidal deformation produced by the template programming is large enough and repeatable enough to change fluid flow and mixing noticeably while preserving channel integrity and biocompatibility.

What would settle it

Side-by-side measurement of mixing index or dye dispersion length in the same microchannel with the magnetic field switched off versus on, to test whether the membrane motion produces a statistically significant increase in mixing.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.21716 by Direnc Akyildiz, Fatih Kocabas, Xiangyi Tan, Yunus Alapan.

**Figure 4.** Figure 4: Characterization of uniformly magnetized patch deformation under magnetic actuation. A) Deformation of uniformly magnetized patch under magnetic fields. The upper row shows the NdFeB–PDMS (50 wt%) patch, and the lower row shows the NdFeB–PDMS (75 wt%) patch. Deformations are presented for magnet pushing, neutral/away, and pulling configurations at magnetic field strengths of 150, 70, 30, and 10 mT. B) Comp… view at source ↗

read the original abstract

The capability to encode spatially distinct magnetization patterns within soft materials enables remote control over complex deformations. This characteristic is especially important for microfluidic platforms, where limited dynamic control of channel boundaries and laminar flow conditions usually restrict fluid transport and interactions. The present study introduces a shape-programmable magnetic soft membrane actuator as an active microchannel component that can dynamically modulate its shape under magnetic fields and therefore the microfluidic environment. The membrane is magnetically programmed using a template-based approach, which allows it to be controllably deformed in the form of a sinusoid under the influence of an external magnetic field. The membrane's integration into a microchannel converts a passive channel wall into a dynamically changeable interface, allowing active fluid manipulation and enhancing micromixing in laminar flow conditions. The proposed approach establishes a versatile platform for wirelessly controlled deformable interfaces in next-generation microfluidic and lab-on-chip systems.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Desk Editor's Note private letter to a colleague

The paper applies template-based magnetic programming to create a sinusoidally deforming membrane wall in microchannels, but offers no measurements to show any actual effect on flow or mixing.

read the letter

The main takeaway is a magnetic soft membrane programmed via template to deform sinusoidally under an external field, then placed as a channel wall to try to stir laminar flow. This is an application of known magnetic actuator techniques to microfluidics rather than a new mechanism.

What stands out is the straightforward integration concept: turning a passive wall into a wirelessly controllable interface. The template approach for achieving the sine shape is described clearly enough to be reproducible in principle, and the wireless aspect fits well with lab-on-chip constraints.

The soft spots are central. The abstract states that the deformation enhances micromixing but gives zero numbers on amplitude, wavelength, channel dimensions, or resulting velocity changes. There are no mixing indices, no before-and-after flow data, and no comparison to passive cases. The stress-test note is accurate on this point; without those quantities it is impossible to judge whether the deformation crosses the threshold from negligible to useful. If the full paper contains experiments they are not referenced here, leaving the core claim unsupported.

This is for microfluidics groups already working on active boundaries or soft robotic actuators who might want a quick concept sketch. A reader looking for validated methods or quantitative design rules will not find them.

I would not cite it in its current state and would not send it for peer review; the evidence gap on the main performance claim is too large.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The paper introduces a shape-programmable magnetic soft membrane actuator fabricated via a template-based magnetization approach. The membrane is designed to undergo controllable sinusoidal deformation under external magnetic fields and is integrated as a channel wall in microfluidic devices, converting a passive boundary into a dynamically reconfigurable interface intended to enable active fluid manipulation and enhanced micromixing under laminar flow conditions.

Significance. If the deformation amplitude and resulting flow perturbations prove sufficient, the approach could supply a wireless, biocompatible method for boundary actuation in lab-on-chip systems where conventional rigid channels limit transport and mixing.

major comments (1)

[Abstract] Abstract: the central claim that sinusoidal deformation 'enhances micromixing in laminar flow conditions' rests on an unquantified assumption about deformation amplitude relative to channel scale. No values are supplied for membrane deflection, wavelength, channel height, resulting velocity perturbation, mixing index, or Peclet-number comparison, preventing assessment of whether the effect exceeds a negligible perturbation.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the constructive feedback on our manuscript. The single major comment is addressed point-by-point below. We agree that the abstract requires additional quantitative detail to support its claims and will revise accordingly.

read point-by-point responses

Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the central claim that sinusoidal deformation 'enhances micromixing in laminar flow conditions' rests on an unquantified assumption about deformation amplitude relative to channel scale. No values are supplied for membrane deflection, wavelength, channel height, resulting velocity perturbation, mixing index, or Peclet-number comparison, preventing assessment of whether the effect exceeds a negligible perturbation.

Authors: We agree that the abstract, as currently written, does not include the specific numerical values needed to evaluate the scale of the effect. The full manuscript reports experimental measurements of membrane deflection amplitude (relative to channel height), wavelength, observed velocity perturbations, and mixing index improvements under the tested flow conditions, along with order-of-magnitude Peclet-number estimates. In the revised version we will condense these key quantities into the abstract while preserving its length, thereby allowing readers to assess whether the deformation produces a non-negligible perturbation. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity; paper contains no derivations or equations.

full rationale

The manuscript is a descriptive experimental report on fabricating and integrating a magnetically programmed soft membrane into microchannels. It presents no equations, no fitted parameters, no predictions derived from models, and no load-bearing self-citations that reduce claims to prior author work. The central statements (template-based sinusoidal deformation enabling active mixing) are supported by fabrication descriptions and qualitative observations rather than any mathematical chain that could be circular. This is the expected outcome for a methods-focused robotics paper without theoretical derivations.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The abstract contains no mathematical derivations, fitted parameters, or new physical entities; it describes an experimental fabrication and integration approach.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5681 in / 1007 out tokens · 23064 ms · 2026-06-26T14:03:11.180203+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

23 extracted references · 23 canonical work pages

[1]

Biomedical applications of soft robotics,

M. Cianchetti, C. Laschi, A. Menciassi, and P. Dario, “Biomedical applications of soft robotics,” Nature Reviews Materials, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 143 –153, May 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578 -018- 0022-y

work page doi:10.1038/s41578 2018
[2]

Small-scale soft- bodied robot with multimodal locomotion,

W. Hu, G. Z. Lum, M. Mastrangeli, and M. Sitti, “Small -scale soft- bodied robot with multimodal locomotion,” Nature, vol. 554, no. 7690, pp. 81–85, Jan. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25443

work page doi:10.1038/nature25443 2018
[3]

Millimeter-scale flexible robots with programmable three- dimensional magnetization and motions,

T. Xu, J. Zhang, M. Salehizadeh, O. Onaizah, and E. Diller, “Millimeter-scale flexible robots with programmable three - dimensional magnetization and motions,” Science Robotics, vol. 4, no. 29, Apr. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aav4494

work page doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aav4494 2019
[4]

Soft magnetic skin for super -resolution tactile sensing with force self-decoupling,

Y. Yan et al., “Soft magnetic skin for super -resolution tactile sensing with force self-decoupling,” Science Robotics, vol. 6, no. 51, Feb. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abc8801

work page doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abc8801 2021
[5]

Magnetic Soft Materials and Robots,

Y.H. Kim and X. Zhao, “Magnetic Soft Materials and Robots,” Chemical Reviews , vol. 122, no. 5, pp. 5317 –5364, Feb. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00481

work page doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00481 2022
[6]

Programming magnetic anisotropy in polymeric microactuators,

J. Kim, S. E. Chung, S. -E. Choi, H. Lee, J. Kim, and S. Kwon, “Programming magnetic anisotropy in polymeric microactuators,” Nature Materials , vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 747 –752, Aug. 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3090

work page doi:10.1038/nmat3090 2011
[7]

Shape -programmable magnetic soft matter,

G. Z. Lum et al., “Shape -programmable magnetic soft matter,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 113, no. 41, Sep. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608193113

work page doi:10.1073/pnas.1608193113 2016
[8]

Printing ferromagnetic domains for untethered fast-transforming soft materials,

Y. Kim, H. Yuk, R. Zhao, S. A. Chester, and X. Zhao, “Printing ferromagnetic domains for untethered fast-transforming soft materials,” Nature, vol. 558, no. 7709, pp. 274 –279, Jun. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0185-0

work page doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0185-0 2018
[9]

Data - driven design of shape-programmable magnetic soft materials,

A. C. Karacakol, Yunus Alapan, S. O. Demir, and Metin Sitti, “Data - driven design of shape-programmable magnetic soft materials,” Nature Communications, vol. 16, no. 1, Mar. 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58091-z

work page doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58091-z 2025
[10]

Reprogrammable shape morphing of magnetic soft machines,

Y. Alapan, A. C. Karacakol, S. N. Guzelhan, I. Isik, and M. Sitti, “Reprogrammable shape morphing of magnetic soft machines,” Science Advances , vol. 6, no. 38, Sep. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc6414

work page doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc6414 2020
[11]

Zhang, N

F. Kocabas, O. Oguztuzun, Y. Zhou, and Y. Alapan, “Magnetic Programming of Soft Materials Using Digitally Processed Laser Heating,” 2025 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) , pp. 15350 –15355, May 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127804

work page doi:10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127804 2025
[12]

Magnetic Miniature Soft Robot with Reprogrammable Drug‐Dispensing Functionalities: Toward Advanced Targeted Combination Therapy,

Z. Yang, C. Xu, J. X. Lee, and G. Z. Lum, “Magnetic Miniature Soft Robot with Reprogrammable Drug‐Dispensing Functionalities: Toward Advanced Targeted Combination Therapy,” Advanced Materials, vol. 36, no. 48, Sep. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202408750. Figure 6. Micromixing experiment. A) Experimental setup for micromixing. B) Detailed view o...

work page doi:10.1002/adma.202408750 2024
[13]

Microporous Magnetic Soft Materials with Programmable Locomotion and On-Demand Liquid Cargo Release,

Y. Zhou, Fatih Kocabas, and Yunus Alapan, “Microporous Magnetic Soft Materials with Programmable Locomotion and On -Demand Liquid Cargo Release,” 2025 International Conference on Manipulation, Automation and Robotics at Small Scales (MARSS), pp. 01–06, Jul. 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/marss65887.2025.11072793

work page doi:10.1109/marss65887.2025.11072793 2025
[14]

Lab -on-a-chip: microfluidics in drug discovery,

P. S. Dittrich and A. Manz, “Lab -on-a-chip: microfluidics in drug discovery,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 210–218, Mar. 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1985

work page doi:10.1038/nrd1985 2006
[15]

A Review on Micromixers,

G. Cai, L. Xue, H. Zhang, and J. Lin, “A Review on Micromixers,” Micromachines, vol. 8, no. 9, p. 274, Sep. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/mi8090274

work page doi:10.3390/mi8090274 2017
[16]

Microfluidic Devices: A Tool for Nanoparticle Synthesis and Performance Evaluation,

S. Gimondi, H. Ferreira, R. L. Reis, and N. M. Neves, “Microfluidic Devices: A Tool for Nanoparticle Synthesis and Performance Evaluation,” ACS Nano, vol. 17, no. 15, pp. 14205 –14228, Jul. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c01117

work page doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c01117 2023
[17]

Microfluidic‐Based Approaches in Targeted Cell/Particle Separation Based on Physical Properties: Fundamentals and Applications,

R. Nasiri et al., “Microfluidic‐Based Approaches in Targeted Cell/Particle Separation Based on Physical Properties: Fundamentals and Applications,” Small, vol. 16, no. 29, p. 2000171, Jun. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202000171

work page doi:10.1002/smll.202000171 2020
[18]

Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip,

D. Huh, B. D. Matthews, A. Mammoto, M. Montoya -Zavala, H. Y. Hsin, and D. E. Ingber, “Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip,” Science, vol. 328, no. 5986, pp. 1662 –8, 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188302

work page doi:10.1126/science.1188302 2010
[19]

Actuation Mechanism of Microvalves: A Review,

J.-Y. Qian, C.-W. Hou, X.-J. Li, and Z. -J. Jin, “Actuation Mechanism of Microvalves: A Review,” Micromachines, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 172, Feb. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11020172

work page doi:10.3390/mi11020172 2020
[20]

High-performance magnetic active-valve micropump,

M. Shen and M. A. M. Gijs, “High-performance magnetic active-valve micropump,” TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid -State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, pp. 1234–1237, Jun. 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/sensor.2009.5285881

work page doi:10.1109/sensor.2009.5285881 2009
[21]

The Design, Fabrication, and Testing of an Electromagnetic Micropump with a Matrix -Patterned Magnetic Polymer Composite Actuator Membrane,

Muzalifah Mohd Said, Jumril Yunas, B. Bais, Azrul Hamzah, and Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis, “The Design, Fabrication, and Testing of an Electromagnetic Micropump with a Matrix -Patterned Magnetic Polymer Composite Actuator Membrane,” Micromachines, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 13–13, Dec. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9010013

work page doi:10.3390/mi9010013 2017
[22]

Flexible pump for small-scale soft robotics: actuation, design and prospects,

H. Sun, J. Zhao, Y. Zhang, and M. Xu, “Flexible pump for small-scale soft robotics: actuation, design and prospects,” Measurement, vol. 237, p. 115299, Sep. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115299

work page doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115299 2024
[23]

Design and fabrication of microfluidic mixer from carbonyl iron–PDMS composite membrane,

J. Li, M. Zhang, L. Wang, W. Li, P. Sheng, and W. Wen, “Design and fabrication of microfluidic mixer from carbonyl iron–PDMS composite membrane,” Microfluidics and Nanofluidics , vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 919 – 925, Oct. 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-010-0712-2

work page doi:10.1007/s10404-010-0712-2 2010

[1] [1]

Biomedical applications of soft robotics,

M. Cianchetti, C. Laschi, A. Menciassi, and P. Dario, “Biomedical applications of soft robotics,” Nature Reviews Materials, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 143 –153, May 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578 -018- 0022-y

work page doi:10.1038/s41578 2018

[2] [2]

Small-scale soft- bodied robot with multimodal locomotion,

W. Hu, G. Z. Lum, M. Mastrangeli, and M. Sitti, “Small -scale soft- bodied robot with multimodal locomotion,” Nature, vol. 554, no. 7690, pp. 81–85, Jan. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25443

work page doi:10.1038/nature25443 2018

[3] [3]

Millimeter-scale flexible robots with programmable three- dimensional magnetization and motions,

T. Xu, J. Zhang, M. Salehizadeh, O. Onaizah, and E. Diller, “Millimeter-scale flexible robots with programmable three - dimensional magnetization and motions,” Science Robotics, vol. 4, no. 29, Apr. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.aav4494

work page doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aav4494 2019

[4] [4]

Soft magnetic skin for super -resolution tactile sensing with force self-decoupling,

Y. Yan et al., “Soft magnetic skin for super -resolution tactile sensing with force self-decoupling,” Science Robotics, vol. 6, no. 51, Feb. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abc8801

work page doi:10.1126/scirobotics.abc8801 2021

[5] [5]

Magnetic Soft Materials and Robots,

Y.H. Kim and X. Zhao, “Magnetic Soft Materials and Robots,” Chemical Reviews , vol. 122, no. 5, pp. 5317 –5364, Feb. 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00481

work page doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00481 2022

[6] [6]

Programming magnetic anisotropy in polymeric microactuators,

J. Kim, S. E. Chung, S. -E. Choi, H. Lee, J. Kim, and S. Kwon, “Programming magnetic anisotropy in polymeric microactuators,” Nature Materials , vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 747 –752, Aug. 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3090

work page doi:10.1038/nmat3090 2011

[7] [7]

Shape -programmable magnetic soft matter,

G. Z. Lum et al., “Shape -programmable magnetic soft matter,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 113, no. 41, Sep. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608193113

work page doi:10.1073/pnas.1608193113 2016

[8] [8]

Printing ferromagnetic domains for untethered fast-transforming soft materials,

Y. Kim, H. Yuk, R. Zhao, S. A. Chester, and X. Zhao, “Printing ferromagnetic domains for untethered fast-transforming soft materials,” Nature, vol. 558, no. 7709, pp. 274 –279, Jun. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0185-0

work page doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0185-0 2018

[9] [9]

Data - driven design of shape-programmable magnetic soft materials,

A. C. Karacakol, Yunus Alapan, S. O. Demir, and Metin Sitti, “Data - driven design of shape-programmable magnetic soft materials,” Nature Communications, vol. 16, no. 1, Mar. 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58091-z

work page doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58091-z 2025

[10] [10]

Reprogrammable shape morphing of magnetic soft machines,

Y. Alapan, A. C. Karacakol, S. N. Guzelhan, I. Isik, and M. Sitti, “Reprogrammable shape morphing of magnetic soft machines,” Science Advances , vol. 6, no. 38, Sep. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc6414

work page doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc6414 2020

[11] [11]

Zhang, N

F. Kocabas, O. Oguztuzun, Y. Zhou, and Y. Alapan, “Magnetic Programming of Soft Materials Using Digitally Processed Laser Heating,” 2025 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA) , pp. 15350 –15355, May 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127804

work page doi:10.1109/icra55743.2025.11127804 2025

[12] [12]

Magnetic Miniature Soft Robot with Reprogrammable Drug‐Dispensing Functionalities: Toward Advanced Targeted Combination Therapy,

Z. Yang, C. Xu, J. X. Lee, and G. Z. Lum, “Magnetic Miniature Soft Robot with Reprogrammable Drug‐Dispensing Functionalities: Toward Advanced Targeted Combination Therapy,” Advanced Materials, vol. 36, no. 48, Sep. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202408750. Figure 6. Micromixing experiment. A) Experimental setup for micromixing. B) Detailed view o...

work page doi:10.1002/adma.202408750 2024

[13] [13]

Microporous Magnetic Soft Materials with Programmable Locomotion and On-Demand Liquid Cargo Release,

Y. Zhou, Fatih Kocabas, and Yunus Alapan, “Microporous Magnetic Soft Materials with Programmable Locomotion and On -Demand Liquid Cargo Release,” 2025 International Conference on Manipulation, Automation and Robotics at Small Scales (MARSS), pp. 01–06, Jul. 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/marss65887.2025.11072793

work page doi:10.1109/marss65887.2025.11072793 2025

[14] [14]

Lab -on-a-chip: microfluidics in drug discovery,

P. S. Dittrich and A. Manz, “Lab -on-a-chip: microfluidics in drug discovery,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 210–218, Mar. 2006, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1985

work page doi:10.1038/nrd1985 2006

[15] [15]

A Review on Micromixers,

G. Cai, L. Xue, H. Zhang, and J. Lin, “A Review on Micromixers,” Micromachines, vol. 8, no. 9, p. 274, Sep. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/mi8090274

work page doi:10.3390/mi8090274 2017

[16] [16]

Microfluidic Devices: A Tool for Nanoparticle Synthesis and Performance Evaluation,

S. Gimondi, H. Ferreira, R. L. Reis, and N. M. Neves, “Microfluidic Devices: A Tool for Nanoparticle Synthesis and Performance Evaluation,” ACS Nano, vol. 17, no. 15, pp. 14205 –14228, Jul. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.3c01117

work page doi:10.1021/acsnano.3c01117 2023

[17] [17]

Microfluidic‐Based Approaches in Targeted Cell/Particle Separation Based on Physical Properties: Fundamentals and Applications,

R. Nasiri et al., “Microfluidic‐Based Approaches in Targeted Cell/Particle Separation Based on Physical Properties: Fundamentals and Applications,” Small, vol. 16, no. 29, p. 2000171, Jun. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202000171

work page doi:10.1002/smll.202000171 2020

[18] [18]

Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip,

D. Huh, B. D. Matthews, A. Mammoto, M. Montoya -Zavala, H. Y. Hsin, and D. E. Ingber, “Reconstituting organ-level lung functions on a chip,” Science, vol. 328, no. 5986, pp. 1662 –8, 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1188302

work page doi:10.1126/science.1188302 2010

[19] [19]

Actuation Mechanism of Microvalves: A Review,

J.-Y. Qian, C.-W. Hou, X.-J. Li, and Z. -J. Jin, “Actuation Mechanism of Microvalves: A Review,” Micromachines, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 172, Feb. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11020172

work page doi:10.3390/mi11020172 2020

[20] [20]

High-performance magnetic active-valve micropump,

M. Shen and M. A. M. Gijs, “High-performance magnetic active-valve micropump,” TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid -State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, pp. 1234–1237, Jun. 2009, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/sensor.2009.5285881

work page doi:10.1109/sensor.2009.5285881 2009

[21] [21]

The Design, Fabrication, and Testing of an Electromagnetic Micropump with a Matrix -Patterned Magnetic Polymer Composite Actuator Membrane,

Muzalifah Mohd Said, Jumril Yunas, B. Bais, Azrul Hamzah, and Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis, “The Design, Fabrication, and Testing of an Electromagnetic Micropump with a Matrix -Patterned Magnetic Polymer Composite Actuator Membrane,” Micromachines, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 13–13, Dec. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/mi9010013

work page doi:10.3390/mi9010013 2017

[22] [22]

Flexible pump for small-scale soft robotics: actuation, design and prospects,

H. Sun, J. Zhao, Y. Zhang, and M. Xu, “Flexible pump for small-scale soft robotics: actuation, design and prospects,” Measurement, vol. 237, p. 115299, Sep. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115299

work page doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2024.115299 2024

[23] [23]

Design and fabrication of microfluidic mixer from carbonyl iron–PDMS composite membrane,

J. Li, M. Zhang, L. Wang, W. Li, P. Sheng, and W. Wen, “Design and fabrication of microfluidic mixer from carbonyl iron–PDMS composite membrane,” Microfluidics and Nanofluidics , vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 919 – 925, Oct. 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-010-0712-2

work page doi:10.1007/s10404-010-0712-2 2010