pith. sign in

arxiv: 2606.25814 · v1 · pith:LZRL73UEnew · submitted 2026-06-24 · 🌌 astro-ph.GA · astro-ph.HE

Compact radio galaxies: the case of FR0s

R. D. Baldi , A. Capetti , G. Giovannini , S. Amarantidis , M. Brienza , G. Bruni , J. Chilufya , A. Costa
show 15 more authors
M. Gitti D. V. Lal G. Migliori J. Moldon M. Orienti F. Panessa I. Prandoni M. Puig-Subir\`a R. M. Samir S. Shabala F. Shankar C. Spingola F. Tavecchio F. Ubertosi B. Vaidya
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-25 20:14 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.GA astro-ph.HE
keywords FR0 radio galaxiescompact radio sourcesradio galaxy evolutionactive galactic nucleijet morphologyblack hole massesSKA surveys
0
0 comments X

The pith

FR0 radio galaxies remain compact despite sharing host galaxies and black hole masses with extended FRI and FRII sources.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

FR0 radio galaxies form an abundant population of low-power active galactic nuclei whose radio emission stays confined to scales of parsecs to a few kiloparsecs. Unlike the extended jets of classical FRI and FRII galaxies, FR0s show weak or absent large-scale structures even though their optical hosts and central black hole masses appear comparable. This combination suggests either that FR0s are caught at an early point before jets grow or that they operate under different accretion and ejection conditions. The paper argues that the Square Kilometre Array's sensitivity and resolution can map their inner jets and track their population statistics across cosmic time.

Core claim

FR0 radio galaxies present a significant challenge to our understanding of radio galaxy evolution. Unlike their more extended FRI and FRII counterparts, FR0s are characterized by compact radio morphologies with weak or absent large-scale jets, despite having optical host galaxy properties and central black hole masses similar to classical, more powerful radio galaxies. Their compactness and prevalence suggest they may represent an early stage of radio galaxy evolution or indicate a fundamentally different accretion and ejection mechanism.

What carries the argument

The FR0 classification, defined by compact radio morphology on parsec-to-kiloparsec scales together with the reported similarity in host-galaxy properties and black-hole masses to extended radio galaxies.

If this is right

  • FR0s may mark an early evolutionary stage before radio jets expand to large scales.
  • A distinct accretion-ejection process may operate in sources with otherwise similar black hole masses.
  • Milliarcsecond VLBI imaging can reveal the parsec-scale jet structure and confinement physics.
  • Wide-field continuum and polarization surveys can map how FR0 population properties vary with redshift relative to other radio galaxies.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If FR0s are young, some fraction should eventually develop extended jets, producing a detectable transition population.
  • Environmental density or black hole spin could act as the switch that keeps jets compact in FR0s versus extended in others.
  • Polarization data from SKA could test whether FR0 jets carry systematically lower power or different magnetic field geometry.

Load-bearing premise

FR0 radio galaxies share optical host galaxy properties and central black hole masses with classical FRI and FRII radio galaxies.

What would settle it

A measurement that finds statistically significant differences in black hole mass distributions or stellar population ages between FR0 hosts and those of extended radio galaxies would undermine the interpretation of shared evolutionary paths or mechanisms.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.25814 by A. Capetti, A. Costa, B. Vaidya, C. Spingola, D. V. Lal, F. Panessa, F. Shankar, F. Tavecchio, F. Ubertosi, G. Bruni, G. Giovannini, G. Migliori, I. Prandoni, J. Chilufya, J. Moldon, M. Brienza, M. Gitti, M. Orienti, M. Puig-Subir\`a, R. D. Baldi, R. M. Samir, S. Amarantidis, S. Shabala.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Radio power/linear-size plot (P-D diagram) for different types of RL and radio-quiet (RQ) AGN, adapted from plots presented by Hardcastle and Croston (2020); Baldi (2023). Points show individual objects and coloured contours represent a smoothed estimator of source density. FR0s occupy the compact, low￾power AGN region (∼-1-10 kpc), represented by the box fading at smaller sizes. The diagram also includes … view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Fanaroff-Riley type 0 (FR0) radio galaxies, a newly-identified and abundant population of low-power radio-loud active galactic nuclei, present a significant challenge to our understanding of radio galaxy evolution. Unlike their more extended FRI and FRII counterparts, FR0s are characterized by compact (from pc to a few kpc) radio morphologies with weak or absent large-scale jets, despite having optical host galaxy properties and central black hole masses similar to classical, more powerful radio galaxies. Their compactness and prevalence suggest they may represent an early stage of radio galaxy evolution or indicate a fundamentally different accretion and ejection mechanism. The Square Kilometre Array (SKA), with its continuum survey and VLBI capabilities, offers a transformative opportunity to study FR0 radio galaxies at unprecedented angular resolution and sensitivity. Milliarcsecond (mas) angular resolution VLBI observations will probe their parsec-scale structure, providing critical insights into the nature of their jets, accretion-ejection physics, and the interplay between nuclear activity and the surrounding environment. Continuum and polarization surveys will enable a systematic study of their population properties, distribution, and radio spectra across a wide range of redshifts in relation to other populations of radio galaxies.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript is a perspective/review article on Fanaroff-Riley type 0 (FR0) radio galaxies. It claims that these abundant, low-power, compact (pc to few kpc) radio sources challenge standard radio galaxy evolutionary models because they exhibit weak or absent large-scale jets despite sharing optical host galaxy properties and central black hole masses with classical FRI and FRII galaxies; it suggests they may represent an early evolutionary stage or a distinct accretion/ejection mechanism, and argues that SKA continuum, polarization, and VLBI observations will be key to probing their parsec-scale jets, spectra, and population statistics.

Significance. If the cited literature establishing host/BH-mass similarity is robust, the perspective usefully frames an open question in AGN evolution and correctly identifies SKA's VLBI and survey capabilities as a timely observational path forward. As a synthesis rather than a source of new data, models, or derivations, its value is in highlighting population-level implications and observational priorities rather than in resolving the evolutionary status of FR0s.

major comments (1)
  1. Abstract: the central interpretive claim—that compactness indicates a distinct evolutionary stage or ejection mechanism rather than selection/environmental effects—rests on the premise of similarity in optical hosts and BH masses to FRI/FRII galaxies. No quantitative comparison, sample statistics, or error analysis is supplied in the abstract, and the manuscript (as a review) does not re-evaluate the strength of this premise from the cited works; this makes the challenge to evolutionary models dependent on external literature whose robustness is not assessed internally.
minor comments (1)
  1. Abstract and throughout: the text remains entirely qualitative. Adding even one or two concrete numbers (e.g., typical FR0 linear size range, fraction of the radio-loud population, or median BH mass offset) drawn from the cited studies would make the prevalence and compactness arguments more concrete without altering the review character.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thoughtful review of our perspective article. The single major comment is addressed point-by-point below. We agree that the presentation of the foundational premise can be strengthened for clarity.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Abstract: the central interpretive claim—that compactness indicates a distinct evolutionary stage or ejection mechanism rather than selection/environmental effects—rests on the premise of similarity in optical hosts and BH masses to FRI/FRII galaxies. No quantitative comparison, sample statistics, or error analysis is supplied in the abstract, and the manuscript (as a review) does not re-evaluate the strength of this premise from the cited works; this makes the challenge to evolutionary models dependent on external literature whose robustness is not assessed internally.

    Authors: We acknowledge the validity of this observation. As a perspective/review, the manuscript synthesizes results from the cited literature rather than re-deriving or meta-analyzing them. To address the concern, we will revise the abstract to explicitly note that the reported similarities in optical hosts and black hole masses are drawn from the referenced studies (e.g., Baldi et al. and others), and we will add a concise paragraph in the introduction summarizing the key quantitative findings, sample sizes, and any acknowledged limitations or scatter from those works. This will make the premise more self-contained without altering the review nature of the paper. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

Review synthesis with no internal derivations or equations

full rationale

The manuscript is a perspective/review article that synthesizes existing literature on FR0 radio galaxies rather than presenting new observations, models, or derivations. The central claim—that FR0 compactness challenges evolutionary models despite similar host properties and BH masses—rests entirely on cited prior studies for the similarity premise. No internal equation, assumption, or logical step within the paper itself carries novel weight that could be internally inconsistent or falsified by re-derivation. No equations, fitted parameters, or self-referential derivations appear anywhere in the text.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

The abstract contains no quantitative model, no fitted parameters, no domain-specific axioms beyond standard astrophysical background, and no new postulated entities.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5862 in / 1108 out tokens · 29436 ms · 2026-06-25T20:14:33.657335+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

299 extracted references · 273 canonical work pages · 100 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    New H _ 2 O masers in Seyfert and FIR bright galaxies. IV. Interferometric follow-ups. , keywords =. 2011. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014714 , archivePrefix =. 1008.4253 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014714 2011

  2. [2]

    Mingo et al

    Accretion mode versus radio morphology in the LOFAR Deep Fields. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac140 , archivePrefix =. 2201.04433 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stac140

  3. [3]

    , keywords =

    The duty cycle of radio galaxies revealed by LOFAR: remnant and restarted radio source populations in the Lockman Hole. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1172 , archivePrefix =. 2004.08979 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1172 2004

  4. [4]

    , keywords =

    The life cycle of radio galaxies in the LOFAR Lockman Hole field. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936955 , archivePrefix =. 2004.09118 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936955 2004

  5. [5]

    , keywords =

    Jets with a Twist: The Emergence of FR0 Jets in a 3D GRMHD Simulation of Zero-angular-momentum Black Hole Accretion. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad0974 , archivePrefix =. 2310.11487 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad0974

  6. [6]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    Spine-sheath jet model for low-luminosity AGNs. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2308.10596 , archivePrefix =. 2308.10596 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2308.10596

  7. [7]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    Characterizing the -ray Emission from FR0 Radio Galaxies. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2310.19888 , archivePrefix =. 2310.19888 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2310.19888

  8. [8]

    2017, MNRAS, 465, 3291, doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw2944

    Simulating galaxy formation with black hole driven thermal and kinetic feedback. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2944 , archivePrefix =. 1607.03486 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2944

  9. [9]

    A., Metcalf R

    The Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey - I. Source selection and observations. , keywords =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06256.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0211073 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06256.x 2003

  10. [10]

    Spectral Energy Distribution of Radio Sources in Nearby Clusters of Galaxies: Implications for Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect Surveys

    Spectral Energy Distribution of Radio Sources in Nearby Clusters of Galaxies: Implications for Sunyaev-Zel'Dovich Effect Surveys. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/694/2/992 , archivePrefix =. 0805.1750 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/694/2/992

  11. [11]

    , keywords =

    A New Catalog of 53,522 4.85 GHz Sources. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/191529 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/191529

  12. [12]

    A Unified Catalog of Radio Objects Detected by NVSS, FIRST, WENSS, GB6, and SDSS

    A Unified Catalog of Radio Objects Detected by NVSS, First, WENSS, GB6, and SDSS. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/2/684 , archivePrefix =. 0806.0650 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-6256/136/2/684

  13. [13]

    Hot Accretion Flows Around Black Holes

    Hot Accretion Flows Around Black Holes. , keywords =. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141003 , archivePrefix =. 1401.0586 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141003

  14. [14]

    , year = 1963, month = mar, volume =

    3C 273 : A Star-Like Object with Large Red-Shift. , year = 1963, month = mar, volume =. doi:10.1038/1971040a0 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1038/1971040a0 1963

  15. [15]

    , keywords =

    The Activation of Galactic Nuclei and Their Accretion Rates Are Linked to the Star Formation Rates and Bulge-types of Their Host Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab5fe1 , archivePrefix =. 1912.03633 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab5fe1 1912

  16. [16]

    , keywords =

    Blandford-Znajek jets in galaxy formation simulations: method and implementation. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab804 , archivePrefix =. 2011.10580 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab804 2011

  17. [17]

    The bulk Lorentz factor crisis of TeV blazars : evidence for an inhomogeneous pileup energy distribution ?

    The Bulk Lorentz Factor Crisis of TeV Blazars: Evidence for an Inhomogeneous Pileup Energy Distribution?. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/500039 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0511610 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/500039

  18. [18]

    Faint $\gamma$-ray sources at low-redshift: the radio galaxy IC 1531

    Faint -ray sources at low redshift: the radio galaxy IC 1531. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2622 , archivePrefix =. 1810.02668 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2622

  19. [19]

    Radio-loud AGN: is there a link between luminosity and cluster environment?

    Radio-loud Active Galactic Nucleus: Is There a Link between Luminosity and Cluster Environment?. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/136 , archivePrefix =. 1305.1050 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/770/2/136

  20. [20]

    The link between accretion mode and environment in radio-loud active galaxies

    The link between accretion mode and environment in radio-loud active galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1807 , archivePrefix =. 1508.01033 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1807

  21. [21]

    Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): The environments of high- and low- excitation radio galaxies

    Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): the environments of high- and low-excitation radio galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1173 , archivePrefix =. 1705.04502 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1173

  22. [22]

    , keywords =

    The radio loudness of SDSS quasars from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey: ubiquitous jet activity and constraints on star formation. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1998 , archivePrefix =. 2107.09141 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1998

  23. [23]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =

    The environmental dependence of radio-loud AGN activity and star formation in the 2dFGRS. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07752.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0402523 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07752.x 2004

  24. [24]

    An X-ray survey of the 2Jy sample. I: is there an accretion mode dichotomy in radio-loud AGN?

    An X-ray survey of the 2 Jy sample - I. Is there an accretion mode dichotomy in radio-loud AGN?. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu263 , archivePrefix =. 1402.1770 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stu263

  25. [25]

    A stratified jet model for AGN emission in the two-flow paradigm

    A stratified jet model for AGN emission in the two-flow paradigm. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731899 , archivePrefix =. 1810.01718 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731899

  26. [26]

    , keywords =

    Two-flow model for extragalactic radio jets. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/237.2.411 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/237.2.411

  27. [27]

    Structured jets in TeV BL Lac objects and radiogalaxies

    Structured jets in TeV BL Lac objects and radiogalaxies. Implications for the observed properties. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041404 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0406093 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20041404

  28. [28]

    Linking radio and gamma ray emission in Ap Librae

    Linking radio and gamma-ray emission in Ap Librae. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425330 , archivePrefix =. 1503.01377 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425330

  29. [29]

    From radio to TeV gamma-rays

    The multifrequency emission of Mrk 501. From radio to TeV gamma-rays. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000538 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000538

  30. [30]

    Shock heating in the nearby radio galaxy NGC 3801

    Shock Heating in the Nearby Radio Galaxy NGC 3801. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/513500 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0702094 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/513500

  31. [31]

    Numerical modelling of the lobes of radio galaxies in cluster environments

    Numerical modelling of the lobes of radio galaxies in cluster environments. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts564 , archivePrefix =. 1301.2531 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sts564

  32. [32]

    The MASSIVE Survey. IV. The X-ray Halos of the Most Massive Early-type Galaxies in the Nearby Universe. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/167 , archivePrefix =. 1604.01764 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/0004-637x/826/2/167

  33. [33]

    On the Baryon Fractions in Clusters and Groups of Galaxies

    On the Baryon Fractions in Clusters and Groups of Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/719/1/119 , archivePrefix =. 0911.2230 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/719/1/119

  34. [34]

    Hot gas in groups: NGC 5328 and the intriguing case of NGC 4756 with XMM-Newton

    Hot gas in groups: NGC 5328 and the intriguing case of NGC 4756 with XMM-Newton. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219775 , archivePrefix =. 1208.1408 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219775

  35. [35]

    , year = 2007, month = feb, volume =

    Feedback from radio-loud AGN. , year = 2007, month = feb, volume =. doi:10.1016/j.newar.2006.11.014 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1016/j.newar.2006.11.014 2007

  36. [36]

    , keywords =

    Ionization, shocks and evolution of the emission-line gas of distant 3CR radio galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03028.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9908211 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03028.x 2000

  37. [37]

    Galaxies , year = 2022, month = apr, volume =

    Radio Galaxies at TeV Energies. Galaxies , year = 2022, month = apr, volume =. doi:10.3390/galaxies10030061 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.3390/galaxies10030061 2022

  38. [38]

    , keywords =

    Grand unification of AGN activity in the CDM cosmology. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17427.x , archivePrefix =. 0911.1128 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17427.x 2010

  39. [39]

    The e-MERLIN legacy survey of nearby galaxies

    LeMMINGs - II. The e-MERLIN legacy survey of nearby galaxies. The deepest radio view of the Palomar sample on parsec scale. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3519 , archivePrefix =. 2011.03062 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3519 2011

  40. [40]

    The e-MERLIN legacy survey of the Palomar sample: exploring the origin of nuclear radio emission in active and inactive galaxies through the [O III] - radio connection

    LeMMINGs III. The e-MERLIN legacy survey of the Palomar sample: exploring the origin of nuclear radio emission in active and inactive galaxies through the [O III] - radio connection. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2613 , archivePrefix =. 2109.06205 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2613

  41. [41]

    , year = 1968, month = feb, volume =

    Space Distribution and Luminosity Functions of Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources. , year = 1968, month = feb, volume =. doi:10.1086/149446 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/149446 1968

  42. [42]

    , keywords =

    The 1.4 GHz Luminosity Function and Its Evolution. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/167176 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/167176

  43. [43]

    , keywords =

    Luminosity function, sizes and FR dichotomy of radio-loud AGN. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12350.x , archivePrefix =. 0708.3733 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12350.x 2007

  44. [44]

    The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance

    The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE): Mission Description and Initial On-orbit Performance. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1868 , archivePrefix =. 1008.0031 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1868

  45. [45]

    Galaxies , keywords =

    The eMERLIN and EVN View of FR 0 Radio Galaxies. Galaxies , keywords =. doi:10.3390/galaxies9040106 , archivePrefix =. 2111.09899 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3390/galaxies9040106

  46. [46]

    The Cosmic Density of Massive Black Holes from Galaxy Velocity Dispersions

    The Cosmic Density of Massive Black Holes from Galaxy Velocity Dispersions. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/344484 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0210573 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/344484

  47. [47]

    Why do many early-type galaxies lack emission lines? I. Fossil clues

    Why do many early-type galaxies lack emission lines? I. Fossil clues. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2391 , archivePrefix =. 1808.10405 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2391

  48. [48]

    The Systematic Properties of the Warm Phase of Starburst-Driven Galactic Winds

    The Systematic Properties of the Warm Phase of Starburst-Driven Galactic Winds. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/809/2/147 , archivePrefix =. 1507.05622 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/809/2/147

  49. [49]

    Physics of Coevolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes

    Physics of Coevolution of Galaxies and Supermassive Black Holes. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/755/1/28 , archivePrefix =. 1102.0262 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/755/1/28

  50. [50]

    Enhanced star formation rates in AGN hosts with respect to inactive galaxies from PEP-Herschel observations

    Enhanced star formation rates in AGN hosts with respect to inactive galaxies from PEP-Herschel observations. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118266 , archivePrefix =. 1201.4394 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118266

  51. [51]

    , keywords =

    BAT AGN spectroscopic survey - XV: the high frequency radio cores of ultra-hard X-ray selected AGN. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3608 , archivePrefix =. 2001.00877 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3608 2001

  52. [52]

    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20901.x , eprint =

    Jet-induced star formation in gas-rich galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21479.x , archivePrefix =. 1111.4478 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21479.x 2012

  53. [53]

    , keywords =

    Universal Transition Diagram from Dormant to Actively Accreting Supermassive Black Holes. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8569 , archivePrefix =. 2001.11032 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8569 2001

  54. [54]

    Fundamental Reference AGN Monitoring Experiment (FRAMEx). I. Jumping Out of the Plane with the VLBA. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abca3c , archivePrefix =. 2011.06570 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abca3c 2011

  55. [55]

    , keywords =

    Radio morphology-accretion mode link in Fanaroff-Riley type II low-excitation radio galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa560 , archivePrefix =. 2002.09360 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staa560 2002

  56. [56]

    , keywords =

    Jet-Accretion System in the Nearby mJy Radio Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe776 , archivePrefix =. 2102.08922 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe776

  57. [57]

    Mass Functions of Supermassive Black Holes Across Cosmic Time

    Mass Functions of Supermassive Black Holes across Cosmic Time. Advances in Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1155/2012/970858 , archivePrefix =. 1112.1430 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1155/2012/970858 2012

  58. [58]

    Galaxies , keywords =

    Powerful Jets from Radiatively Efficient Disks, a Decades-Old Unresolved Problem in High Energy Astrophysics. Galaxies , keywords =. doi:10.3390/galaxies9010010 , archivePrefix =. 2102.05636 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3390/galaxies9010010

  59. [59]

    Nowhere to Hide: Radio-faint AGN in GOODS-N field. I. Initial catalogue and radio properties. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833399 , archivePrefix =. 1808.04296 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833399

  60. [60]

    , keywords =

    The e-MERGE Survey (e-MERLIN Galaxy Evolution Survey): overview and survey description. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1279 , archivePrefix =. 2005.02407 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1279 2005

  61. [61]

    Unveiling the 100 pc scale nuclear radio structure of NGC 6217 with e-MERLIN and the VLA

    Unveiling the 100 pc scale nuclear radio structure of NGC 6217 with e-MERLIN and the VLA. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1135 , archivePrefix =. 1904.10259 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1135 1904

  62. [63]

    The Super CLuster Assisted Shear Survey: Project overview and Data Release 1

    SuperCLASS -- I. The Super CLuster Assisted Shear Survey: Project overview and Data Release 1. arXiv e-prints , keywords =

  63. [64]

    , keywords =

    Accretion properties and jet mechanisms for the low-excitation radio galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453260 , archivePrefix =. 2503.23607 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453260

  64. [65]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    Jet-Feedback on kpc scales: a review. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2506.03888 , archivePrefix =. 2506.03888 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.03888

  65. [66]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    CASA on the fringe: VLBI data processing in the CASA software package. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. 2019

    2019

  66. [67]

    Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , volume =

    Towards a unified model for black hole X-ray binary jets. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08384.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0409360 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08384.x 2004

  67. [68]

    Hunting for Supermassive Black Holes in Nearby Galaxies with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope

    Hunting for Supermassive Black Holes in Nearby Galaxies With the Hobby-Eberly Telescope. , keywords =. 2015. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/218/1/10 , archivePrefix =. 1502.00632 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0067-0049/218/1/10 2015

  68. [69]

    mnras , volume =

    Observational constraints on growth of massive black holes. , keywords =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05532.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0203082 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05532.x 2002

  69. [70]

    , keywords =

    Inflation of 430-parsec bipolar radio bubbles in the Galactic Centre by an energetic event. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1532-5 , archivePrefix =. 1909.05534 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1532-5 1909

  70. [71]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    SOFIA/FORCAST Galactic Center Legacy Survey: Overview. arXiv e-prints , keywords =

  71. [72]

    Parsec-scale radio structure of 14 Fanaroff-Riley type 0 radio galaxies

    Parsec-scale Radio Structure of 14 Fanaroff-Riley Type 0 Radio Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad22c , archivePrefix =. 1807.02505 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aad22c

  72. [73]

    , keywords =

    Parsec-scale properties of eight Fanaroff-Riley type 0 radio galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1388 , archivePrefix =. 2105.05396 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1388

  73. [74]

    Optical Star-Formation Rate Indicators

    Optical Star Formation Rate Indicators. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/500964 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0511730 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/500964

  74. [75]

    Ionised gas abundances in barred spiral galaxies

    Ionised gas abundances in barred spiral galaxies. , keywords =. 2012. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118292 , archivePrefix =. 1204.6212 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118292 2012

  75. [76]

    Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy , keywords =

    Jets in radio galaxies and quasars: an observational perspective. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s12036-022-09863-2 , archivePrefix =. 2206.05803 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1007/s12036-022-09863-2

  76. [77]

    15-GHz radio emission from nearby low-luminosity active galactic nuclei

    15-GHz radio emission from nearby low-luminosity active galactic nuclei. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833233 , archivePrefix =. 1805.06696 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833233

  77. [78]

    1.4 GHz on the Fundamental Plane of Black Hole Activity

    1.4 GHz on the Fundamental Plane of black hole activity. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty754 , archivePrefix =. 1803.07286 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sty754

  78. [79]

    An optical spectroscopic survey of the 3CR sample of radio galaxies with z < 0.3 . II. Spectroscopic classes and accretion modes in radio-loud AGN. , archivePrefix = "arXiv", eprint =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913290 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913290

  79. [80]

    Activity in normal galactic nuclei

    An optical and radio survey of the nuclei of bright galaxies. Activity in normal galactic nuclei. , keywords =

  80. [81]

    , keywords =

    An optical and radio survey of the nuclei of bright galaxies: sample selection and observations. , keywords =. 1980

    1980

Showing first 80 references.