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Thermal false vacuum decay in (1+1)-dimensions: Evidence for non-equilibrium dynamics

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arxiv 2408.06411 v2 pith:2JSHQ6NT submitted 2024-08-12 hep-th astro-ph.COcond-mat.stat-mechhep-lathep-ph

classification hep-thastro-ph.COcond-mat.stat-mechhep-lathep-ph
keywords timedecayratethermalizationboundbubbledimensionsequilibrium
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abstract

We numerically study the evolution of a classical real scalar field in ${(1+1)}$ dimensions with initial conditions describing thermal fluctuations around a metastable vacuum. We track false vacuum decay in real time and compare several observables to the predictions of the standard Euclidean formalism. We find agreement for the shape of the critical bubble and the exponential suppression of the decay rate. However, the decay rate prefactor is almost an order of magnitude lower than the predicted value. We argue that this signals a breakdown of thermal equilibrium during the bubble nucleation. In addition, the inefficient thermalization in the system biases the properties of the statistical ensemble and leads to further decrease of the decay rate with time. We substantiate our interpretation with a suite of stochastic field simulations with controlled thermalization time. Varying this time we find that the predictions of the standard equilibrium formalism are recovered when it is sufficiently short. We propose an upper bound on the thermalization time that must be satisfied in order to ensure the applicability of the Euclidean rate calculation. We discuss that this bound is unavoidably violated in common single-field models, irrespective of the number of spacetime dimensions, implying that deviations from equilibrium in these models cannot be neglected. In theories with multiple fields, the bound may or may not hold, depending on the setup details. We investigate one more signature of non-equilibrium dynamics -- coherent oscillonic precursors to the critical bubble nucleation. We show that they get suppressed in the stochastic dynamical simulations when the thermalization time is reduced.

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Forward citations

Cited by 10 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Quantum field nucleating and Wigner functions

    hep-th 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.5 of 10

    The one-loop over-the-barrier nucleation rate in a thermal QFT is Affleck’s formula generalized to fields, not Linde’s, and still carries quantum prefactor effects even when the bounce is classically symmetric.

  2. Thermal false vacuum decay near black holes is aspherical

    gr-qc 2026-08 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    False vacuum decay near a thermal Schwarzschild black hole is dominated by aspherical critical bubbles for intermediate sizes and by horizon-riding Fubini-Lipatov bounces for large sizes.

  3. Dynamics of nucleation in thermal phase transitions

    hep-th 2026-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    The thermal nucleation rate is the transition-state estimate multiplied by one minus the re-crossing probability, and oscillons make that correction large.

  4. Langer's nucleation rate reproduced on the lattice

    hep-ph 2025-05 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    With a new gradient-descent definition of the metastable phase, lattice simulations reproduce Langer's nucleation rate for the first time in a conservative system.

  5. Temperature driven false vacuum decay in coherently coupled Bose superfluids

    cond-mat.quant-gas 2026-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Simulated false-vacuum decay in 2D coupled Bose superfluids follows Γ∝e^{-βE_c}, with E_c extracted from the slope, and the relative phase becomes dynamic during bubble nucleation.

  6. What happens when supercooling is terminated by curvature flipping of the effective potential?

    hep-ph 2024-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Supercooling terminated by curvature flipping still proceeds by bubble nucleation and expansion, not by smooth phase mixing, according to 3D lattice simulations.

  7. Dynamics of a Higgs phase transition in the Klebanov-Witten theory

    hep-th 2024-11 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    In the holographic Klebanov-Witten plasma, D5-brane bubbles nucleate with a preferred flux that grows as 1/(T-Tc)^2, and their walls move at speeds below the conformal sound speed.

  8. Evidence for renormalized instantons in real-time simulations of vacuum decay

    hep-th 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.5 of 10

    Ensemble-averaged bubble profiles and decay rates from zero-temperature lattice simulations match Coleman instantons computed in a one-parameter renormalized effective potential, not the bare potential.

  9. Perturbative gravitational wave predictions for the real-scalar extended Standard Model

    hep-ph 2024-11 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    At next-to-next-to-leading order, gravitational wave predictions for the real-scalar singlet extension of the Standard Model appear to converge for typical parameters, but break down for the strongest, observable signals.

  10. Testing nucleation calculations for strong phase transitions

    hep-lat 2025-02 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    A nonperturbative lattice calculation finds that perturbative bubble nucleation rates in a tree-level barrier scalar theory agree only qualitatively, with |log Γ| off by 20% at one loop and 100% at tree level.

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