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Overview of high-density QCD studies with the CMS experiment at the LHC
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We review key measurements performed by CMS in the context of its heavy ion physics program, using event samples collected in 2010-2018 with several collision systems and energies. These studies provide detailed macroscopic and microscopic probes of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created at the LHC energies, a medium characterized by the highest temperature and smallest baryon-chemical potential ever reached in the laboratory. Numerous observables related to high-density quantum chromodynamics (QCD) were studied, leading to some of the most impactful and qualitatively novel results in the 40-year history of the field. Using a dedicated high-multiplicity trigger in the first pp run, CMS discovered that small collision systems can exhibit signs of collectivity, a generic phenomenon with significant implications and presently understood to affect essentially all soft physics processes. This observation opened new paths to understand how fluidity and plasma properties emerge in QCD matter as a function of system size. Measurements of jet quenching have reached a completely new level of detail by directly assessing, for the first time, the medium modification of parton showers, as opposed to simply observing leading hadrons or di-hadrons. The first fully reconstructed beauty hadron and heavy-flavor jet nuclear modifications were also measured. The large size of the event samples, the precision of the measurements, and the extension of the probed kinematical phase space, allowed many other hard probes of the QGP medium to be explored in detail, leading to multiple groundbreaking findings. In particular, the seminal measurements of bottomonium suppression patterns answer fundamental questions that have been actively pursued, both theoretically and experimentally, by the community since the mid-1980s. We conclude by outlining the opportunities offered by the continuation of this physics program at the LHC.
Forward citations
Cited by 11 Pith papers
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System-size dependence of charged-particle suppression in ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions
First neon-neon R_AA measurement shows charged-particle suppression increasing monotonically with nuclear size across oxygen, neon, xenon, and lead at LHC energies.
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Evidence for similar collectivity of high transverse momentum particles in pPb and PbPb collisions
Four-particle correlations reveal similar high-pT elliptic flow in pPb and PbPb collisions, suggesting a common origin for high-pT collectivity.
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Study of $\chi_{\mathrm{c}}$ production in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 8.16 TeV
In pPb collisions at 8.16 TeV, the χc2/χc1 production ratio is flat and consistent with pp, showing no strong differential nuclear modification of P-wave charmonia.
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Evidence for sequential $\Upsilon$(nS) suppression in light ion collisions
First evidence of sequential Upsilon(nS) suppression in oxygen-oxygen and neon-neon collisions, with the Upsilon(3S)/Upsilon(2S) ratio reduced by 3.2 standard deviations.
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Out-of-equilibrium contributions to charm hadrons in a fluid-dynamic approach
Out-of-equilibrium corrections at initialization and freeze-out make computed charm-hadron yields independent of the charm diffusion coefficient and define the reliable transverse-momentum range.
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Two-particle number and transverse momentum balance function with event-topology in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
In PYTHIA8 and EPOS-LHC simulations of pp collisions, charge balance function widths narrow with multiplicity, are narrower in jet-like than isotropic events, and EPOS core-on/off differences point to radial flow as t...
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Exploring small-angle emissions in charm quark jets in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.02 TeV
CMS reports the first late-kT groomed splitting-angle distributions for prompt D0 jets at pT 100-120 GeV and finds suppression consistent with the charm dead cone, while soft-drop suppression appears driven by gluon s...
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Exploring the origin of D$^0$ meson elliptic flow in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV using event shape engineering
Prompt D0 v2 is strongly linearly correlated with low-pT charged-particle v2 across q2-selected event classes, indicating initial-state geometry dominates charm-hadron elliptic flow in PbPb collisions.
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Measurement of the $\gamma\gamma \to \tau \tau$ cross section and constraints on the anomalous magnetic moment of the $\tau$ lepton in ultraperipheral PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV
CMS measures gamma-gamma -> tau+tau- in PbPb UPCs and constrains the tau anomalous magnetic moment to -0.039 < a_tau < 0.032 (95% CL), with a fiducial cross-section of 555+60-14 microbarns.
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Toward a Unified Understanding of the Dense Matter Equation of State
A review of three Bayesian/computational frameworks for combining heavy-ion and astrophysical constraints on the dense-matter equation of state, plus a proposed unified integration workflow.
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QGP@50: More than Four Decades of Jet Quenching
A historical and technical review of jet quenching in heavy-ion collisions, covering four decades of theory, the RHIC discovery, and modern Bayesian extractions of the jet transport parameter qhat.
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