From dual-unitary to biunitary: a 2-categorical model for exactly-solvable many-body quantum dynamics

Dual-unitary brickwork circuits are an exactly-solvable model for many-body chaotic quantum systems, based on 2-site gates which are unitary in both the time and space directions. Prosen has recently described an alternative model called 'dual-unitary interactions round-a-face', which we here call 'clockwork', based on 2-controlled 1-site unitaries composed in a non-brickwork structure, yet with many of the same attractive global properties. We present a 2-categorical framework that simultaneously generalizes these two existing models, and use it to show that brickwork and clockwork circuits can interact richly, yielding new types of generalized heterogeneous circuits. We show that these interactions are governed by quantum combinatorial data, which we precisely characterize. These generalized circuits remain exactly-solvable and we show that they retain the attractive features of the original models such as single-site correlation functions vanishing everywhere except on the causal light-cone. Our presented framework allows us to directly extend the notion of solvable initial states to these biunitary circuits, which are shown to result in maximal entanglement growth and exact thermalization after finitely many time steps under biunitary circuit dynamics.