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The volume of scientific output is creating an urgent need for automated tools to help scientists keep up with developments in their field. Semantic Scholar (S2) is an open data platform and website aimed at accelerating science by helping scholars discover and understand scientific literature. We combine public and proprietary data sources using state-of-the-art techniques for scholarly PDF content extraction and automatic knowledge graph construction to build the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph, the largest open scientific literature graph to-date, with 200M+ papers, 80M+ authors, 550M+ paper-authorship edges, and 2.4B+ citation edges. The graph includes advanced semantic features such as structurally parsed text, natural language summaries, and vector embeddings. In this paper, we describe the components of the S2 data processing pipeline and the associated APIs offered by the platform. We will update this living document to reflect changes as we add new data offerings and improve existing services.
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Cited by 24 Pith papers
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Bias at the Borderline: Who Gets the Benefit of the Doubt in Peer Review?
At ICLR, equally scored borderline papers from outside top-25 institutions are accepted less often, a gap concentrated in preprint-identifiable submissions; outcome tests find no evidence of a higher bar.
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The Future of NLP may not be at NLP Conferences: Scholarly Migration Patterns in Natural Language Processing
NLP authors show migration from *ACL flagship tracks (–19.2pp) to Findings (+14.8pp) and ML venues (+8.6pp), with new authors increasing ML share from 5% to 21% and causal inference indicating a citation premium drive...
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The Reciprocal Impact of Science and Software: A Cross-Corpus Analysis of How Research Shapes Software and Software Enables Research
Science and software impact each other through complementary strata, but sparse paper–repo linkage makes reuse–citation coupling gap-sensitive and prevents strong decoupling claims.
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Authoring and Management of Transparent Research Integrity Assessments of Randomised Clinical Trial Publications Using LLM-assisted Tools and Provenance Knowledge Graphs
An LLM-assisted assessment tool, a provenance ontology, and an open knowledge graph holding 140 research integrity assessments of 95 randomised clinical trial publications.
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Works on My QPU: Reproducibility in Quantum Computing Research
Manual review of 127 NISQ papers plus automated scan of ~5000 QC papers finds ~25% code availability and ~65% execution failure among those with code, with concrete recommendations.
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Bibby AI: An Editor-Native Agentic Platform for Academic Research, Writing, and Publishing
An editor-native platform unifies research, writing, and publishing in one LaTeX environment with compile-verified agents and patent-to-paper impact signals.
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Externalizing Research Synthesis and Validation in AI Scientists through a Research Harness
Xcientist is a research harness that externalizes an AI scientist's literature grounding, idea evolution, experiments, and repairs into auditable artifacts, demonstrated on memory, traffic forecasting, and PDE-solving tasks.
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Crystal: Characterizing Relative Impact of Scholarly Publications
Joint LLM ranking of all citations within a paper identifies impactful references more accurately than isolated classification, gaining +9.5% accuracy and +8.3% F1.
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BioClinical ModernBERT: A State-of-the-Art Long-Context Encoder for Biomedical and Clinical NLP
A continued-pretrained ModernBERT encoder for biomedical and clinical text claims SOTA on several clinical NLP tasks, with caveats about data overlap between pretraining and evaluation.
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Societal AI Research Has Become Less Interdisciplinary
Computer science-only teams now supply a growing majority of societally-oriented AI research on arXiv, even though interdisciplinary teams remain more likely to produce such work.
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The Common Pile v0.1: An 8TB Dataset of Public Domain and Openly Licensed Text
A new 8TB openly-licensed text corpus trains 7B LLMs that are competitive with Llama 1/2, showing that performant models need not depend on unlicensed web data.
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Toward Living Narrative Reviews: An Empirical Study of the Processes and Challenges in Updating Survey Articles in Computing Research
Interviews with 11 computing survey authors show that keeping narrative surveys up to date is valued but unrewarded, and that updates fall into empirical, structural, and interpretive types.
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Do Large Multimodal Models Solve Caption Generation for Scientific Figures? Lessons Learned from SciCap Challenge 2023
In human evaluations by three professional editors, GPT-4V captions for scientific figures were preferred over author-written captions and over captions from challenge-winning models.
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"Dialogue" vs "Dialog" in NLP and AI research: Statistics from a Confused Discourse
Analysis of tens of thousands of papers shows NLP/AI research mixes 'dialogue' and 'dialog' with no clear trend, author, or context explanation.
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Quantifying the Dynamics of Harm Caused by Retracted Research
Citing a retracted paper is associated with a growing citation deficit that is larger for indirect citations and in lower-impact journals, a pattern the authors call 'attention escape'.
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How Do We Engage with Other Disciplines? A Framework to Study Meaningful Interdisciplinary Discourse in Scholarly Publications
A new citation-purpose taxonomy applied to NLP+CSS papers finds that most out-of-discipline citations are shallow and that automated classification of citation purpose is not yet reliable.
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MedSEBA: Synthesizing Evidence-Based Answers Grounded in Evolving Medical Literature
MedSEBA is a RAG-based medical question-answering system that provides cited key arguments, per-study stance labels, and temporal consensus visualization, evaluated by a 10-person user study.
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Climate-Eval: A Comprehensive Benchmark for NLP Tasks Related to Climate Change
ClimateEval unifies 25 climate-related NLP tasks into one benchmark and shows that open-source LLMs gain from few-shot examples but lag on misinformation and fine-grained entity recognition.
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Who Gets Recommended? Investigating Gender, Race, and Country Disparities in Paper Recommendations from Large Language Models
LLM recommendations of important AI research favor recent, well-cited, team-authored papers, but do not measurably over-represent male, white, or developed-country scholars relative to a human-curated benchmark.
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Hallucination Detector: A hybrid LLM and Semantic Scholar tool calling for detecting hallucination in scientific literature on AtomGPT.org
AtomGPT's hybrid LLM+Semantic Scholar checker flags 94 of 100 confirmed hallucinated NeurIPS 2025 citations, driven mainly by author mismatch rather than title similarity.
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Position: Olfaction Standardization is Essential for the Advancement of Embodied Artificial Intelligence
A call to add olfaction, with standardized data and benchmarks, to the list of core modalities that embodied AI systems should sense and reason about.
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On the Effectiveness of Large Language Models in Automating Categorization of Scientific Texts
With few-shot prompting, Llama 3.1 classifies paper titles and abstracts into five ORKG top-level fields at 0.82 accuracy, about 0.08 above a BERT baseline.
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Demo: Interactive Visualization of Semantic Relationships in a Biomedical Project's Talent Knowledge Graph
A web demo maps about 28,000 biomedical researchers and 1,179 datasets into a searchable 2D space and uses GPT-4o to explain collaborator and dataset recommendations.
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Charting the Future of Scholarly Knowledge with AI: A Community Perspective
A community perspective on how AI can support scholarly knowledge extraction, organization, and communication, with a proposed classification and ethical considerations.
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