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Making Text Embedders Few-Shot Learners
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Making Text Embedders Few-Shot Learners
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Large language models (LLMs) with decoder-only architectures demonstrate remarkable in-context learning (ICL) capabilities. This feature enables them to effectively handle both familiar and novel tasks by utilizing examples provided within their input context. Recognizing the potential of this capability, we propose leveraging the ICL feature in LLMs to enhance the process of text embedding generation. To this end, we introduce a novel model bge-en-icl, which employs few-shot examples to produce high-quality text embeddings. Our approach integrates task-related examples directly into the query side, resulting in significant improvements across various tasks. Additionally, we have investigated how to effectively utilize LLMs as embedding models, including various attention mechanisms, pooling methods, etc. Our findings suggest that retaining the original framework often yields the best results, underscoring that simplicity is best. Experimental results on the MTEB and AIR-Bench benchmarks demonstrate that our approach sets new state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance. Our model, code and dataset are freely available at https://github.com/FlagOpen/FlagEmbedding .
Forward citations
Cited by 12 Pith papers
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Test-Time Compute for Frozen Embedding Models through Agentic Program Search
Agentic program search over frozen embedding APIs yields a parameter-free inference algebra—a softmax-weighted centroid of top-K documents interpolated with the query—that lifts nDCG@10 across seven model families on ...
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Test-Time Compute for Frozen Embedding Models through Agentic Program Search
A softmax-weighted centroid of the local top-K documents interpolated with the query improves nDCG@10 for frozen embedding models across seven families on held-out BEIR data.
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BitNet Text Embeddings
BITEMBED trains 1.58-bit ternary-weight LLM embedders with contrastive pre-training, supervised distillation, and multi-precision output training, matching FP16 teachers within ~0.6 MMTEB points at ~2x CPU speed.
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BitNet Text Embeddings
BITEMBED converts LLM backbones to ternary BitNet-style encoders, adapts them with contrastive pre-training and teacher distillation, and produces text embeddings at multiple precisions that perform comparably to full...
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Test-Time Compute for Frozen Embedding Models through Agentic Program Search
Agentic program search over a frozen encoder API yields retrieval programs that improve nDCG@10 on held-out tasks and unseen encoder families with no per-domain training.
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ARHN: Answer-Centric Relabeling of Hard Negatives with Open-Source LLMs for Dense Retrieval
ARHN refines hard-negative training data for dense retrieval by using LLMs to convert answer-containing passages into additional positives and exclude answer-containing passages from the negative set.
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ReasonEmbed: Enhanced Text Embeddings for Reasoning-Intensive Document Retrieval
ReasonEmbed achieves a new high of 38.1 nDCG@10 on the BRIGHT benchmark for reasoning-intensive retrieval by combining a triviality-resistant data synthesis method with dynamic per-sample training weights.
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Negative Matters: Multi-Granularity Hard-Negative Synthesis and Anchor-Token-Aware Pooling for Enhanced Text Embeddings
A new MTEB state-of-the-art for text embeddings is reported by combining multi-granularity LLM-generated hard negatives with curriculum training and an anchor-token-aware pooling method.
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Functional Consistency of LLM Code Embeddings: A Self-Evolving Data Synthesis Framework for Benchmarking
A data synthesis framework generates four syntax/semantics code pair types, and fine-tuning embedding models on the resulting datasets improves code clone detection, functional consistency, and retrieval.
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NV-Embed: Improved Techniques for Training LLMs as Generalist Embedding Models
NV-Embed achieves first place on the MTEB leaderboard across 56 tasks by combining a latent attention layer, causal-mask removal, two-stage contrastive training, and data curation for LLM-based embedding models.
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MTR-Suite: A Framework for Evaluating and Synthesizing Conversational Retrieval Benchmarks
MTR-Suite offers an LLM-based auditor, a low-cost multi-agent synthesis pipeline using greedy traversal clustering, and a new general-domain benchmark with superior discriminative power for conversational retrieval.
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QZhou-Embedding Technical Report
QZhou-Embedding reports state-of-the-art average scores on MTEB and CMTEB as of August 27, 2025, using a two-stage multi-task pipeline with LLM-based data synthesis.
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