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Spin-dependent exotic interactions
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Novel interactions beyond the four known fundamental forces in nature (electromagnetic, gravitational, strong and weak interactions), may arise due to "new physics" beyond the standard model, manifesting as a "fifth force". This review is focused on spin-dependent fifth forces mediated by exotic bosons such as spin-0 axions and axionlike particles and spin-1 Z' bosons, dark photons, or paraphotons. Many of these exotic bosons are candidates to explain the nature of dark matter and dark energy, and their interactions may violate fundamental symmetries. Spin-dependent interactions between fermions mediated by the exchange of exotic bosons have been investigated in a variety of experiments, particularly at the low-energy frontier. Experimental methods and tools used to search for exotic spin-dependent interactions, such as atomic comagnetometers, torsion balances, nitrogen-vacancy spin sensors, and precision atomic and molecular spectroscopy, are described. A complete set of interaction potentials, derived based on quantum field theory with minimal assumptions and characterized in terms of reduced coupling constants, are presented. A comprehensive summary of existing experimental and observational constraints on exotic spin-dependent interactions is given, illustrating the current research landscape and promising directions of further research.
Forward citations
Cited by 9 Pith papers
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Testing Antimatter Couplings with Spectroscopy
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Axion-kaon scattering, previously omitted from axion thermalization calculations, exceeds the axion-pion channel near T=130 MeV and tightens the Planck Delta N_eff bound on f_a by about 30%.
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Levitated Milligram-scale Ferromagnetic Magnetometer at Room Temperature
A room-temperature diamagnetically levitated 60-mg ferromagnet achieves 23 fT/√Hz magnetic sensitivity near 153 Hz, validated by two independent calibrations and limited by vibration noise.
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The String Theory Photoverse
Massless string-theory hidden photons acquire dimension-six dipole couplings to SM fermions with suppression scale Λ = αM_s, converting dipole measurements into constraints on the string scale.
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Unified study of two-meson and axion-meson production from semileptonic tau decays within resonance chiral framework
Within a resonance chiral model, hadron resonances boost predicted tau decays into pion/K plus axion by factors of 7.5 and 19.2, with branching ratios and forward-backward asymmetries also predicted.
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Levitated Sensor for Magnetometry in Ambient Environment
A diamagnetically stabilized levitated magnet, read out optically, achieves 32 fT/√Hz magnetic field sensitivity at room temperature and in ambient magnetic fields.
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Experimental signatures of Kalb-Ramond-like particles
Constraints on the mass and fermion couplings of Kalb-Ramond-like particles are derived from hydrogen hyperfine data, perturbative unitarity, and Bhabha scattering at 29 GeV and 136.23 GeV.
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Improved limits on the spin- and velocity-dependent exotic interaction in the micrometer range
A cantilever experiment finds no spin-velocity exotic force below 10 micrometers and sets a new bound f4+5 <= 2.2e-9 at 2.1 micrometers.
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Testing the Fifth Force on Lepton Spins through Neutrino Oscillations
Neutrino oscillation data from solar, reactor, accelerator, and atmospheric experiments place new limits on a vector fifth force coupled to lepton spins and exclude it as an explanation of the muon g-2 anomaly.
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