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Residual Matrix Transformers: Scaling the Size of the Residual Stream

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arxiv 2506.22696 v1 pith:CUHEUNVH submitted 2025-06-28 cs.LG cs.CL

Residual Matrix Transformers: Scaling the Size of the Residual Stream

classification cs.LG cs.CL
keywords residualstreamtransformerfewermatrixsizememorymodel
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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The residual stream acts as a memory bus where transformer layers both store and access features (Elhage et al., 2021). We consider changing the mechanism for retrieving and storing information in the residual stream, and replace the residual stream of the transformer with an outer product memory matrix (Kohonen, 1972, Anderson, 1972). We call this model the Residual Matrix Transformer (RMT). We find that the RMT enjoys a number of attractive properties: 1) the size of the residual stream can be scaled independently of compute and model size, improving performance, 2) the RMT can achieve the same loss as the transformer with 58% fewer FLOPS, 25% fewer parameters, and 41% fewer training tokens tokens, and 3) the RMT outperforms the transformer on downstream evaluations. We theoretically analyze the transformer and the RMT, and show that the RMT allows for more efficient scaling of the residual stream, as well as improved variance propagation properties. Code for this project can be found at https://github.com/bmac3/residual-matrix-transformer.

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Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. KromHC: Manifold-Constrained Hyper-Connections with Kronecker-Product Residual Matrices

    cs.CL 2026-01 conditional novelty 6.0

    KromHC uses Kronecker products of small doubly stochastic matrices to make Hyper-Connection residual matrices exactly balanced with O(n^2C) parameters, and matches or beats prior variants on small LLM pretraining runs.

  2. mHC: Manifold-Constrained Hyper-Connections

    cs.CL 2025-12 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    mHC projects hyper-connection residual spaces onto a manifold to restore identity mapping, enabling stable large-scale training with performance gains over standard HC.

  3. Analyzing Stream Collapse in Hyper-Connections: From Diagnosis to Mitigation

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Hyper-Connections models show stream collapse to a dominant stream with near-identity residual mixing after seeding; symmetry-breaking initialization mitigates dominance and raises performance.

  4. Attention Residuals

    cs.CL 2026-03 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Attention Residuals replaces fixed residual summation with input-dependent softmax attention over preceding layers, and a blocked variant is shown to improve uniformity and downstream performance in a 48B-parameter mo...